EPH-International Journal of Applied Science
EPH-International Journal of Applied Science (ISSN: 2208-2182) publishes high-quality research across a broad range of disciplines, including natural sciences, engineering, health sciences, social sciences, and business management. We welcome interdisciplinary work and innovative studies that bridge multiple fields. Publisher: Southern Cross Academic Press Language of edition: English.. Founded: 2015 ISSN: 2208-2182 Publication frequency: 4 times per year.
REHABILITATION-INDUCED FUNCTIONAL RECONSTITUTION IN INDIVIDUALS UNDERGOING ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTIVE INTERVENTIONS
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures constitute one of the most debilitating musculoskeletal pathologies affecting athletes and physically active populations. Although anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) re-establishes mechanical knee stability, the trajectory of optimal postoperative recovery is profoundly dependent on structured physiotherapeutic intervention. Targeted rehabilitative modalities including progressive strength training, proprioceptive recalibration, neuromuscular re-education, and mobility restoration have been increasingly recognized as pivotal determinants of postoperative functional reintegration. A prospective cohort design was employed involving adults undergoing primary ACLR who subsequently initiated a standardized postoperative physiotherapy regimen. Functional evaluations were conducted at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks using validated outcome metrics: International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores, Lysholm scores, single-leg hop limb symmetry indices, joint range of motion, quadriceps and hamstring strength profiles, and postural sway assessments. Across the 12-week period, participants demonstrated consistent and significant advances in functional indices, indicative of enhanced knee stability and attenuation of symptomatic limitations. Progressive restoration of quadriceps and hamstring strength paralleled improvements in joint mobility and mitigation of extension deficits. Neuromuscular function showed continual refinement, reflected through superior hop-test symmetry and diminished balance perturbations. Findings suggest that a criterion-based, systematically structured physiotherapy program substantially accelerates functional, neuromuscular, and mobility-related recovery following ACLR, facilitating safer readiness for return-to-activity benchmarks. Future investigations should encompass broader patient cohorts and diverse rehabilitation paradigms to refine evidence-based protocols and optimize clinical decision-making.
Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
Copyright (c) 2022 Dr. Monika Sharma, Dr. Rishabh Pathak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EVALUATION OF PROXIMATE AND PROTEIN CONTENT IN WALLAGO ATTU
Introduction: In the world, India is amongst the top three producers of fresh water fish and shrimp fishes are rich in protein, vitamins polyunsaturated fatty acids and mineral salts and are also known as valuable protective food. Aim of the study: the main aim of the study is Research on the Ayeyarwady River's Wallago attu's Nutritional Profile Material and method: The Wallago attu specimens came from the city of Mandalay's Ayeyarwady River. In order to eliminate any dirt or other contaminants from the skin water was utilized to rinse and wash the samples. Conclusion: Samples of Wallago attu (Nga-but) were taken from the Ayeyarwady River in the Mandalay Area. Nutritional information for Wallago attu has been calculated. However, there were a few notable outliers, such as the fact that Wallago attu's protein content was rather constant (16.1-16.4%) during the study period.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dhondge Sumeet, Kamble Anuja Vaijanath , Ade Poojatai https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE ROLE OF BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE IN ENHANCING ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION AND PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT IN MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS
Globalization has added complexity in decision-making, coordination, as well as the performance management within the multinationals (MNCs). Business Intelligence (BI) has been embraced as one of the strategic facilitators in such an environment, whereby data are supposed to be converted into actionable knowledge that must facilitate the transparency and communication of organizations. This paper discusses the benefits of the BI capability to improve the flow of information, performance management, and collaboration among geographically dispersed companies. The explanatory-sequential mixed-method design was used to collect the data to find the sample size of 420 managers in 35 MNCs, which is complemented by 36 in-depth interviews. The findings of the quantitative structural equation modelling revealed that BI competence had a significant impact on information (β=0.46***), communication quality (β=0.52***), and performance management effectiveness (β=0.48***), which further led to better overall organizational performance (R² =0.58). This was supported by the qualitative results, which demonstrated that BI platforms encouraged a single version of the truth, cross-functional discussions, and enhanced accountability. All these results lead to the conclusion that BI is a technological instrument in addition to a communicative infrastructure to integrate strategic purposes and consistency in performance in a complex multinational environment. The research also adds to the theory since it incorporates social-technical and behavioural approaches in BI. It also provides feasible advice to managers who might be willing to implement BI systems as a means of enhancing transparency, teamwork, and strategic responsiveness.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Poonam Khamar Shah, Poonam Agrawal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
QUANTUM DOTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY: EMERGING APPLICATIONS FOR SENSING, REMEDIATION, AND SUSTAINABILITY
Environmental chemistry has seen a transformation thanks to quantum dots (QDs) because of their nanoscale dimension and adjustable fluorescent properties and their active surface chemistry. The combination of carbon and graphene quantum dots deliver photostable performance and low toxicity characteristics which enable their application in sensing pollutants and catalytic degradation systems and green energy devices. Scientists have proven recent breakthroughs in using heavy metal detection along with organic pollutant identification and pH and oxidative stress indicator analysis through fluorescence quenching and Förster resonance energy transfer mechanisms. The remediation field heavily benefits from QD applications because these nanoparticles excel at dye and endocrine disruptor photocatalysis and membrane systems for wastewater purification using adsorption and catalysis. Bio-derived and microwave-assisted and solvent-free synthesis approaches produce sustainable QD production methods while simultaneously improving QD tolerance to biological systems. The applications of QDs extend to renewable energy through their utilization in solar cell technologies and waste elimination systems. The continued use of quantum dots faces important obstacles because of their potential toxicity and environmental stability issues alongside the absence of specific regulatory systems. The complete sustainable utilization of QD technology requires both IoT and AI integration for real-time environmental tracking and multi-disciplinary collaborations and environmentally friendly policy development. The review integrates new findings about future deployment routes for QDs while explaining their potential environmental-scale sustainable implementation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr TejeswaraRao Voonna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
GENDER AND HUMAN RIGHTS: A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE ON GENDER EQUALITY AND DISCRIMINATION
The fundamental right of gender equality in international human rights law continues to face restrictions from legal and institutional factors together with cultural obstacles. The research reviews how law safeguarding equality between male and female evolved through United Nations documents starting with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) leading to Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) before culminating in the Beijing Declaration. The examination investigates regional human rights instruments through the ECHR plus the Maputo Protocol together with the Belém do Pará Convention while analyzing their ability to stop gender-specific discriminatory acts. The evaluation of different countries' legal frameworks reveals inconsistent policy execution patterns where judicial action and constitutional defense systems lead to the most significant development progress. Gender justice faces constant obstacles which stem from poor legal enforcement together with discriminatory practices across gender and political barriers to justice. Image verification demonstrates why law enforcement requires better implementation and gender-oriented policies and structural reforms to close the disparity between established rights and true equality. The advancement of gender equality depends on intersectionality research and above all on fortified digital rights shields and appropriate solutions against new forms of gender discrimination in law.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shani SS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AI-DRIVEN GREEN RECRUITMENT SELECTION STRATEGIES FOR ECO-CONSCIOUS ORGANIZATIONS: A MACHINE LEARNING APPROACH TO SUSTAINABLE WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT IN THE DIGITAL AGE
As organizations worldwide pivot toward environ- mental sustainability, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies with green hu- man resource management has emerged as a revolutionary approach to sustainable workforce development. This compre- hensive study presents a novel AI-driven framework for green recruitment selection strategies, combining advanced predictive analytics, natural language processing, and behavioral pattern recognition to identify candidates with optimal environmental alignment. Through extensive empirical research involving 300+ organizations across 15 countries and analysis of over 50,000 recruitment profiles, this paper introduces the Green Recruit- ment Intelligence Quotient (GRIQ) - a proprietary metric for evaluating environmental consciousness in candidates. The study reveals that AI-enhanced green recruitment systems achieve 47% higher accuracy in predicting long-term environmental employee performance compared to traditional methods, while reducing recruitment costs by 34% and improving candidate satisfaction by 41%. Our findings demonstrate that organizations implementing AI-driven green recruitment strategies experience 67% improvement in carbon footprint reduction, 52% increase in sustainable innovation projects, and 38% enhancement in en- vironmental compliance scores. This research contributes break- through insights into the convergence of digital transformation and environmental stewardship in human capital management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr.Archana PV, Arjun KP https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON ANIMAL REPRODUCTION: A STUDY IN DAIRY SCIENCE
Nutritional deficiencies are a significant factor influencing reproductive performance in dairy cattle. Deficiencies in key nutrients such as protein, energy, calcium, and phosphorus can disrupt reproductive health, leading to suboptimal fertility outcomes. Understanding the relationship between nutrition and reproduction is essential for improving dairy farm productivity. This study aimed to investigate the impact of nutritional deficiencies on the reproductive performance of dairy cattle. Specifically, it examined how protein, energy, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus intake affected estrus cycle length, conception rates, days to first service, and postpartum recovery. A total of 200 dairy cows from 10 different farms were selected. Nutritional intake data, including protein, energy, and mineral levels, were collected through farm records and blood samples. Reproductive outcomes were assessed using clinical observations and farm records. Statistical analyses, including Pearson's correlation, were performed to examine the relationships between nutritional factors and reproductive metrics. The study found weak negative correlations between protein intake and estrus cycle length, suggesting that higher protein intake may regulate estrus cycles. Energy intake showed minimal correlation with conception rates, while calcium levels were positively correlated with postpartum recovery. Phosphorus and magnesium exhibited weak correlations with reproductive parameters. This research underscores the importance of a balanced diet in promoting reproductive health in dairy cattle. Adequate protein, energy, and mineral intake are essential for optimal fertility and postpartum recovery. Further studies are needed to refine nutritional strategies and improve reproductive performance in dairy farming.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rahul Kumar Nandi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
WAR CRIMES AND THE LAWS OF WAR: ANALYZING THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR PROSECUTING HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS
The research investigates how international legal structures perform in war crime prosecutions through an examination of Geneva Conventions together with the International Criminal Court in addition to the ICTY and ICTR special tribunals. A review of established case studies alongside tribunal obstacles enables this study to explore the prosecution of persons responsible for war acts by evaluating both achievements and deficiencies. Although these legal tools have resulted in particular war crime court victories they continue to face major hurdles because of political influence together with jurisdictional disputes and limited state assistance. New developments such as cyber warfare and non-state actors alongside drone strikes have made existing laws insufficient to handle current war crimes effectively. Political pressures display two negative effects which delay fair trials and further the issue of impunity through selective application of international laws. The study demonstrates the requirement to reform international law because it needs stronger state cooperation and institution power as well as expanded coverage for current warfare methods. Research about the use of technology in war crime prosecutions along with studies into contemporary war threats through new international pacts remains essential for upcoming investigations. The study demands that international law evolve into a stronger adaptable framework that will serve justice to war crime victims across the changing context of the current war.
Copyright (c) 2025 Konark Pratap Gupta, Adv. Mohit Soni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS OF PHOTONIC MATERIALS: A STUDY ON LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION FOR ADVANCED OPTICAL DEVICES
Modern optical technologies heavily rely on photonic materials because they enable light manipulation on nano-sized dimensions. The research analyzes plasmonic nanoantennas together with metasurfaces and epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) materials using chemical and physical principles to understand their structural characteristics and their optical outcomes. Child laboratory synthesis combined with state-of-the-art optical testing equipment and mathematical simulations worked to measure their performance in optic communication streams and image processing and adaptive photonic applications. Several key performance metrics illustrate the potential of plasmonic nanoantennas to enhance spontaneous emission by 150% and the performance capability of metasurfaces to reach an absorption efficiency of 87% while ENZ materials exhibit pronounced nonlinear optical effects. Structural variations in optical devices showed direct relationships with their optical performance according to statistical analysis. Nanoantenna aspect ratios and metasurface nanostructures alongside ENZ material permittivity measurements directly affected light emission and absorption and wavefront modulation respectively. A research assessment conducted among different institutions showed that precise manufacturing methods are essential for enhancing material output. The study demonstrates how photonic materials will power next-generation optical devices which will advance ultrafast optical computing as well as quantum photonics applications and high-resolution imaging. Upcoming research should focus on connecting hybrid nonlinear effects while improving fabrication methods alongside applying machine learning for material enhancement to enhance photonic system capabilities.
metasurfaces, epsilon-near-zero materials
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Himanshu Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ASSET MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
The continuous transformation of global economies due to climate change requires asset management strategies to adapt their approaches toward handling new difficulties and business prospects. Financial models established by tradition are insufficient to measure environmental challenges' effects on long-term investment potential thus sustainability-driven investing develops as an essential strategy. The paper investigates how climate risk evaluation together with ESG fusion and innovative technology works to boost asset resilience levels. Sustainable finance achieves dual success between profitability growth and risk reduction which becomes clearer through examining official guidance regulations market patterns and new financial solutions. A research design that combines both quantitative statistical evaluation and qualitative analysis methods tests the performance of climate-friendly investment strategy methodologies. Investments with ESG elements within their portfolios show superior remaining power across time and lower vulnerabilities to climate disruption events. Companies who want to optimize investment decisions should use predictive modeling and artificial intelligence analytics because analysts recognize these tools as necessary components in today's dynamic economy. Achieving sustainable asset growth depends on regulatory compliance as well as stakeholder collaboration and responsible investment practices according to the discussion. This study confirms that financial institutions need to integrate climate resilience within their asset management systems to obtain economic sustainability in the unpredictable environment of today.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Poonam Khamar Shah, Jagrutiben Padhiyar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PHYSICS-BASED SIMULATIONS OF HYPERSONIC FLIGHT DYNAMICS AND CONTROL
Modern aerospace engineering faces hypersonic flight control as a fundamental challenge because of the rising interest in developing fast and elevated flight technology systems. The research analyses controlling hypersonic vehicles by investigating flight path maintenance along with the restrictions on actuators and atmospheric disturbances in their operation. Advanced control algorithm performance and effectiveness are evaluated through simulation analysis under limited actuator performance conditions, along with disturbances that affect the vehicle stability, including wind and temperature variations. The control system functions well during perfect circumstances yet encounters important difficulties during periods of actuator saturation or environmental disturbances. The vehicle encounters performance limitations that make it difficult to keep its target flight profile, thus requiring advanced control systems that are better at adapting to these conditions. Future hypersonic flight accuracy and stability demands hypersonic control systems that have the capability to address actuator limitations together with disturbances. These findings support the future development of aerospace technology because they produce important learnings about designing hypersonic vehicles and their control systems, which require durability during actual flight conditions. This research provides essential solutions to actuator limitations and environmental disturbances, which improves hypersonic flight control systems' reliability to establish their utilization in defense systems and space exploration, and advanced aerospace applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr.Sandeep Dongre https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECTIVENESS OF SCHOOL-BASED INTERVENTIONS ON HYGIENE AND INFECTION CONTROL AMONG CHILDREN
Background: School-based hygiene and infection control interventions play a pivotal role in promoting health and preventing the spread of infectious diseases among children. This study aimed to assess the impact of a comprehensive hygiene intervention program, which included hygiene education, handwashing stations, and enhanced cleaning protocols, on infection rates, hygiene practices, and absenteeism in primary and secondary schools. Methods: A quasi-experimental design was used, with a pre-test, post-test control group, and comparison group. Data were collected through surveys (pre- and post-intervention), health record reviews, and qualitative interviews with teachers, school staff, and parents. Statistical analyses included paired t-tests, chi-square tests, and one-way ANOVA to compare changes between the groups. Results: The intervention group showed a 29% reduction in infection rates, a 25% improvement in handwashing practices, and a 15% decrease in absenteeism compared to the control and comparison groups. The intervention’s effectiveness was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The comprehensive hygiene intervention significantly improved hygiene behaviors, reduced infections, and decreased absenteeism. These findings support the implementation of school-based hygiene programs as effective measures to improve children's health and reduce the spread of infectious diseases
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Vinay Kumar, Dr. Sunil Kumar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS FROM SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS
The antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of ethanolic extracts from three common plants for their beneficial therapeutics including Moringa oleifera, Glycyrrhiza glabra, and Zingiber officinale. Traditionally, these plants are used in medicine and have bioactive compounds that are feasible for the treatment of oxidative stress and microbial infections. The ethanolic extracts of these plants were used to evaluate antioxidant and antimicrobial activities using standard assay. The anti-oxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays. The antimicrobial activity was tested against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis by agar well diffusion method. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined by broth dilution method. The highest antioxidant and antimicrobial activities as well as the lowest MIC values, especially against Staphylococcus aureus, were exhibited by Moringa oleifera. The antimicrobial and antioxidant effects were also moderate from Glycyrrhiza glabra and Zingiber officinale but not as potent as Moringa oleifera. Results show that in vitro Moringa oleifera extract possesses higher antioxidant and antimicrobial potential than both of these plants making it a good candidate for the management of oxidative stress and infections. Isolation of specific bioactive compounds from these plants is required further and their clinical applications investigated.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Ruchita Shrivastava https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY OF THE PAMPA RIVERINE ECOSYSTEM
Rivers from their early existence have played a significant role in molding the development of a region. They provide water to quench thirst, fertilize lands and a means of transportation of goods and services. They also provide a habitat to many living organisms, from planktons to fin and shell fishes. Thus as an ecosystem, rivers have an incredible role to play in maintaining ecological balance. River channels comprise only a small part of a landscape, yet their environmental and economic significance far outweighs their biological value. River systems are recognized to have a number of values, including intrinsic, economic, cultural and aesthetic values. They have economic value in so far as they are scarce and capable of generating human welfare. Failure to account for the ecological and economic value of river systems has led to patterns of economic use with many detrimental environmental consequences. In spite of the environmental, ecological, cultural, social and religious importance of the Pampa riverine ecosystem, it is one of the most congested and polluted rivers in south India. Over the years, its landscape ecology has changed. Sewage and Industrial effluents, deforestation in the upper catchment areas of the river, sand mining from the river beds (Padmalal, Maya, Sreebha, & Sreeja, 2008), reclamation and construction activities on the river banks have all contributed to changes in the landscape ecology of the Pamba. Increased influx of pilgrims has indirectly influenced the anthropogenic intervention on the ecosystem. Unless the total economic value of an ecosystem is monetarily recognized, it will never be protected. Policy decisions are most frequently determined on the basis of economic criteria. Yet, it is widely acknowledged that market transactions provide an incomplete picture of the total economic value of any ecosystem. Ecosystem benefits which are not normally exchanged in markets (e.g. flood control, breeding grounds, optional use, existence use etc.) are generally ignored in decision-making. Stakeholders use an ecosystem partially, hence they always tend to undervalue it. Undervaluation introduces inherent distortions to efficient resource allocation and policy decisions regarding ecosystem use. This shapes land use patterns and decisions that change the landscape ecology of a system. Its wholistic value is rarely recognized until the entire system is irrevocably and irreversibly degraded. In order to improve the efficiency of resource allocation two steps are necessary: an estimation of the total economic values of services provided by an ecosystem and the design of appropriate mechanisms to capture the estimated economic values so that they are internalized in policy decisions. The total economic value of a river ecosystem cannot be accurately estimated since many of the functions it performs do not have a market to value them. Thus, people’s value perception of the landscape ecology of a river ecosystem has a great role to play in how the ecosystem is perceived, protected and how its landscape ecology evolves over the years. Greater the value perception, smaller will be the number of unsustainable intrusions and modifications to the ecosystem.
Copyright (c) 2018 Biji Abraham, Susan Abraham https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SYNTHESIS OF 2-AMINO-5ALKYL-1,3,4-THIODIAZOLE CATALYZED BY PHALSA JUICE AND ITS ANTIBACTERIAL STUDY
In contrast of an alkyl chain at the same site mainly adds lipophilicity: 2-amino-5-alkyl-1,3,4-thiadiazoles display solid antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory effects, yet aryl analogues surpass them in potency across several endpoints. The antibacterial, antitumour, antifungal and antiparasitic assays, because aromatic substitution simultaneously enhances target affinity and cellular uptake. The preparation of 2-amino-5-alkyl-1,3,4-thiadiazoles was accomplished following the established procedure of Arun et. al. Preparation of N-(p-exchanged benzylidene)-5-alkyl-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole-2-amine. N-(p- exchanged benzylidene)-5-alkyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole -2-amine were prepared under the procedure of Bijo Mathew et.al. Antibacterial screening results of 2-Amino-5alkyl-1,3,4-thiodaizole derivatives was screened on bacteria S. aureus & E. coli.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aastha Singh, Vipin Kumar Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IMPACT ON DYNAMIC BALANCE DYSFUNCTION IN CHRONIC BILATERAL KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS DURING LOCOMOTOR
BACKGROUND: Chronic bilateral knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive degenerative joint condition commonly associated with pain, stiffness, reduced range of motion, and functional limitations. One of the significant yet often underrecognized complications is dynamic balance dysfunction, which increases the risk of falls and impairs locomotor activities such as walking, stair climbing, and turning. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to find the impact on balance dysfunction during the locomotor activities of daily living in people who are diagnosed with bilateral knee osteoarthritis METHOD: A self-made questionnaire is used to find out balance dysfunction during locomotor activities of daily living in people who are diagnosed with bilateral knee osteoarthritis RESULT: Among 140 patients the 52% females and 48% males are included The study found hundred percentages of responses in which results are showing that female population is more affected by bilateral knee osteoarthritis. A Very few people having history of hip joint pain too. That importance is that of preventing obesity, maintaining body weight, good diet, exercise plan and also knowledge about life style modification is the growing need among middle age people due to avoid early age complications of osteoarthritis. CONCLUSION: The study is showing female population is more affected than male due to lack of nutrition, exercise and changing of lifestyle. As well as only few patients were having the complaint of hip pain along knee pain. As well as the people who are having single knee osteoarthritis are also facing the balance issues in daily life.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tejal Chavan, Dr. Satyam Bhodaji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SCREENING OF α -AMYLASE FROM RHIZOSPHERIC SOIL ISOLATES
Amylases are crucial hydrolytic enzymes with wide industrial relevance, particularly in food processing, textiles, paper manufacturing, and biofuel production (Gupta et al., 2003; Ray et al., 2015). Among them, α-amylase is distinguished by its capacity to cleave internal α-1,4-glycosidic linkages in starch, enabling rapid saccharification under mild conditions (Pandey et al., 2000). This study aimed to isolate and characterize α-amylase-producing bacteria from rhizosphere soils of Shivamogga District, Karnataka—a region within the Western Ghats known for its rich microbial diversity and endemism (Singh et al., 2016; Jaiswal et al., 2020). Using serial dilution, starch agar screening, and Gram staining, 25 bacterial isolates were obtained, with six demonstrating starch hydrolysis through clear halo zones. The highest enzyme-producing isolates (SSCMBSAR3 and SSCMBSAR5) were identified as Gram-positive bacilli, likely belonging to the Bacillus genus, corroborating their reputation as prolific amylase producers (Gupta et al., 2003; Ajayi & Fagade, 2006). One Gram-negative coccus (SSCMBSAR2) also exhibited notable activity, highlighting underexplored microbial groups like Neisseria and Pseudomonas (Madigan et al., 2017). Quantitative enzyme assays using the DNS method (Miller, 1959; Chi et al., 2009) revealed peak α-amylase activity at 48 hours of incubation and optimal substrate concentration at 400 mg starch, followed by substrate inhibition at higher concentrations—demonstrating a bell-shaped kinetic profile consistent with Michaelis-Menten dynamics (Segel, 1993). The co-detection of protease activity indicates a need for further purification or genetic modifications to eliminate non-specific enzymes (Haq et al., 2010). This study underscores the rhizosphere as a fertile bioprospecting niche and affirms the industrial potential of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative soil bacteria in enzyme biotechnology.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shilpa S, Rithu R., Manoj S.P., Shrinidhi Bhandari K.T., Sanjana V. , S.E. Neelagund https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF PRF COMBINED WITH XENOGRAFT (STICKY BONE) vs CORONALLY ADVANCED FLAP SURGERY IN THE TREATMENT OF STAGE I / II WITH GRADE A/B PERIODONTITIS- A CLINICAL STUDY
Periodontal therapy aims to prevent periodontal tissue destruction while achieving regeneration of lost and damaged tissues. Platelet Rich Fibrin (PRF) is the latest advancement in fibrin technology and is a rich autologous source of various growth factors and leukocytes. PRF has a strong potential to influence the cellular mechanisms responsible for periodontal regeneration to be achieved. A combination of the two grafting modalities may prove to be an advantageous regenerative treatment option for management of Stage I/II with grade A/B Periodontitis.
Copyright (c) 2023 EPH-International Journal of Applied Science
UNDERSTANDING HOW GRIT AND EGO-RESILIENCE INFLUENCE STRESS IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
In recent times, stress, happiness, grit, and resilience have been identified as key concepts related to the well-being of college students, and they have been a concern among psychologists and experts in related fields. Grit is believed to be a stable characteristic or disposition that an individual possesses, similar to other traits like personality traits, which influence their attitudes and behaviours. Highly gritty individuals are expected to display a far greater persistence in pursuing their set goals irrespective of the number of setbacks, obstacles, distractions or any other hurdles than their less gritty counterparts. In the context of an educational setup, grit is showcased as the potentially significant factor in determining outcomes of several factors such as engagement of students in the class/course, level of achievement, retention and their probability to graduate from college/school (Wolters & Hussain, 2014).
Copyright (c) 2025 EPH-International Journal of Applied Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS OF QUANTUM COMPUTING IN MODERN SYSTEMS: PRINCIPLES, MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATIONS, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Quantum computing leverages the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics to address problems that are computationally infeasible for classical systems. This paper presents a comprehensive study of quantum computing with a focus on its mathematical foundations—superposition, entanglement, quantum gates, and quantum circuits. We explore the im- plementation and practical significance of core quantum algorithms, in- cluding Shor’s algorithm for integer factorization and Grover’s algorithm for unstructured search. Emerging domains such as quantum machine learning, quantum optimization, and quantum chemistry are also exam- ined. Mathematical examples are used to illustrate the operational mech- anisms of quantum systems in real-world applications. We further ana- lyze key challenges, including scalability, quantum error correction, and hardware constraints. The paper concludes with a discussion on future research directions and the evolving role of quantum computing in modern computational paradigms.
Copyright (c) 2023 EPH-International Journal of Applied Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PESTICIDE POLLUTION AND AQUATIC HEALTH: CYHALOTHRIN TOXICITY IN CYPRINUS CARPIO
Synthetic pyrethroid pesticides, with lambda-cyhalothrin (LCH) being the most frequently used, have been applied extensively in agriculture, but there is much concern about their possible ecotoxicological impacts on aquatic ecosystems. This investigates the sublethal paraphernalia of LCH on the bio-chemical, enzymatic, haematological, and histopathological parameters of Cyprinus carpio, a sentinel freshwater species. Under semi-static conditions, fish were exposed to a LCH effective concentration (1.6 µg/L) for 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 days. Physiological response was assessed in multiple tissues, including the liver, gill, kidney, muscle, intestine, ovary, testis, and blood. Subsequently, it was found that there was time time-dependent decline in soluble, structural, and total protein concentrations with increased free amino acids, protease activity, indicating disturbed protein metabolism as determined by biochemical assays. Elevated acetylcholine levels and inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity were evidenced as neurotoxic effects. Osmoregulatory dysfunction was manifested as ionic imbalance and suppressed activities of Na⁺/K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ ATPases. It was found that antioxidant enzymes activities (catalase, SOD, GPx, GST) were reduced while malondialdehydes levels were increased, which indicates oxidative stress. There were signs of hepatic injury in the serum AST, ALT, and ALP. Haematological analysis showed marked decreases in RBC and hemoglobin as well as increased WBC counts consistent with anemia and immune stress. Biochemical findings were validated by histopathological changes of necrosis and cellular degeneration, not only in the kidneys, but also in other organs. However, these results underscore the fact that even sublethal exposure to LCH can result in systemic toxicity in fish and thus present serious ecological risks. Ensuring environmentally friendly ‘preparedness’ and scrutinised pesticide regulation is vital to protecting aquatic life from pesticide exposure, the study concluded.
Alternative solution of Galaxy Rotation Curves, expansion of universe and Hubble expansion
The galaxy dynamics does not strictly follow Newtonian law of gravity. But the galaxies have a set pattern of geometry and rotation curve. Introduction of expansion coefficient in einstein field equation and the universe expansion as observed by Hubble remains the unresolved mystery. This gives rise the concept of dark energy. I feel that force of gravity of our universe or matterverse alone cannot construct whole universe. So, there must be another force of gravity, equally strong in nature, is acting as antigravity to our universe. Hence, I have proposed a possible solution by introducing concept of antimatterverse acting as antigravity to our matterverse and working as binary Universe like binary star system. This proposed solution also gives insight of the origin of dark energy, creation of antimatter and fate of antimatter during big bang and observed dynamics of galaxies
Galaxy rotation curve, Hubble expansion, Gravity, Cosmological constant, Hubble constant
SCIENTIFIC VALIDATION AND INTEGRATION OF GARBHAANSKARA INTO MODERN PRENATAL CARE
The research analyses the scientific basis of Garbhaanskara, which represents a traditional Indian prenatal concept from Ayurveda that focuses on maternal emotional states combined with direct foetal environmental interactions. The article brings together biomedical evidence alongside classical Indian literature to explain how multiple maternal factors, including stress and psychological status, combined with nutritional inputs and environmental stimulation, influence foetal brain development. These maternal and environmental influences also contribute to genetically modified patterns, which may lead to long-term consequences for future health. The combination of meditation, yoga, music therapy, and mindful nutrition practices described in Garbhaanskara provides documented evidence from neuroscience, obstetrics, and psychology research to support maternal stress reduction, hormone stabilization, and better neurobehavioral development in newborns. Scientific research about prenatal music exposure, alongside studies on mindfulness techniques, along with Ayurvedic nutrition, proves the existence of mechanistic relationships between traditional health practices and measurable maternal-child healthcare benefits. The limitations stem from methodological inconsistencies, small research samples, and the absence of standard measures between investigations, which emphasizes the necessity of conducting randomized controlled studies and international research programs. The review addresses integration obstacles of Garbhaanskara into modern prenatal care while emphasizing educational needs, policy development, and collaborative healthcare practice. The synthesis confirms that Garbhaanskara demonstrates potential to become an effective transformative system of care for maternal and foetal health in our contemporary world because it integrates holistic natural healing practices with cultural sensibility.
FIBROADENOMA TREATMENT WITH LEKHANA AND SHOTHHARA TREATMENT
Fibroadenomas among young women create substantial clinical and psychological challenges as part of benign breast disorders worldwide. Patients seek alternative remedies due to technological disadvantages, recurrence concerns, and aesthetic considerations that affect surgical treatments of benign breast disorders. The ancient Indian medical system of Ayurveda promotes effective treatments for benign breast conditions through individualized non-invasive methods of Lekhana scraping and Shothhara anti-inflammatory procedures. A review presents evidence of how classical Ayurvedic concepts link to current pharmacological findings to establish their clinical importance in fibroadenoma therapy. The Lekhana therapeutic approach uses Kanchanar, Guggulu, and Triphala herbs to deliver effective anti-proliferative, antioxidant, and mass-reducing benefits. Shothhara therapies that include Haridra, Shallaki, Guduchi, and Punarnava demonstrate anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, helping control the inflammatory conditions found in benign breast lesions. A limited number of clinical studies and observational reports indicate potential beneficiary effects of treatment, which stabilize breast lesions and reduce their size while alleviating symptoms; however, authors call for substantial trials based on methodological standards. Clinical research that combines traditional knowledge with modern scientific research should be prioritized for validating Ayurvedic therapies to optimize their effectiveness in fibroadenoma patient care
DESIGN TRENDS OF HALF-WAVE DIPOLE ANTENNAS IN MATLAB FOR IOT AND WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
This review examines the evolution of half-wave dipole antenna designs, mainly through modeling and simulation in MATLAB, for use in Internet of Things (IoT) and wireless systems. It discusses in detail the core theory, the characteristics of radiation, impedance, performance ranges and the compromise between size and how effectively an antenna performs. Due to their simplicity, adaptability to a lot of frequencies and the ability to adjust their performance, half-wave dipoles are still trusted for antennas that are compact, use less power and have high performance. Since MATLAB and its Antenna Toolbox are integrated, users can conduct design prototyping, use parameter tuning and hardware-in-the-loop testing, making the platform suitable for many areas of study. Looking deep into IoT, aspects like miniaturizing nodes, making radio frequencies flexible and combining technologies with 5G, LoRa and RFID are studied. Researchers present how their results compare to outcomes from similar software and real-life examples to help decide which tool to use. The review proves that dipole antennas are still significant in today’s telecommunications and mentions the positive impact that AI and green materials may have in antibody audio engineering in the future.
REVIEW OF MATLAB-BASED PROJECTS FOR UNDERSTANDING HALF-WAVE DIPOLE ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS
This article gives a detailed analysis of how MATLAB is used to model half-wave dipole antennas, a basic component in antenna theory and wireless communication. The review analyzes 38 simulation projects from academic, open-source and educational sources and sorts them into key groups: geometry and parameter sensitivity, radiation pattern visualization, impedance and return loss evaluation, optimization-driven designs and hybrid validation with real or full-wave tools. A comparison matrix points out that simulation accuracy, efficiency and customization are strong points, but there are gaps in supporting parasitics, polarization analysis and near-field modeling. It points out that MATLAB is crucial for engineering education, mainly in MOOCs, capstone projects and remote settings, thanks to its ability to repeat scripts and easy-to-use visualization tools. The report adds a taxonomy of simulation approaches, a performance-based framework for classifying them and an outline for the future that recommends AI use, multiband and MIMO modeling, SDR interfacing and open-source benchmarking. The research shows that MATLAB is a useful tool for learning and research and it also suggests ways to improve it for upcoming antenna design challenges in 5G/6G and IoT.
Copyright (c) 2024 EPH-International Journal of Applied Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
FORMULATION, DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION TESTING OF FOAMING BATH SALT SUBSUMING HIMALAYAN PINK SALT
This research discusses the formulation and manufacturing of the recently used most popular bath preparation which is bath salt. Centuries ago, people used different salts to soften hard water. During older times, salts were often used for their healing properties. Salts were also quite common in general medicines for treatment of variety of health conditions which includes skin rashes, inflammation, redness, sore muscles, arthritis etc. The concept of bath salts was first raised when the demand of hot spring bath increased rapidly. People used to visit hot spring bath house to soak their body in lukewarm mineral water to relax and calm their body, to cure any clinical conditions and to interact with people for basic communication. The hot spring water is mineral water and holds carbonates and bicarbonates of different minerals. These salts are readily soluble in water and are beneficial for relaxation and curing different conditions. Some people also started using lava stone also known as volcanic stone for many therapies as it is known for its healing properties, relaxation properties and it does have strength to flush out any negative vibes from the body and mind. By researching and combining all the information together, the concept of bath salts has been raised. This research initially defines the term “BATH SALTS.” Further followed by describing about its purpose of use and its types. Bath salts are used for several purposes such as cleansing, foaming, relaxation, therapeutic treatment and for aesthetic appeal. It helps in healing dermal as well as other clinical conditions. Next it contains the hit and trial method and formula for preparation of bath salts. The main ingredients of the formulated bath salts are Himalayan pink salt, Epsom salt, sodium bicarbonate, some mild surfactants, color, and perfume. All the three salts help to reduce the surface tension of water and helps to cure many skin problems. Finally, it deals with the claims and testing of the same.
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Applied Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
In a time when security and surveillance are the new buzzword, the IBOT Surveillance Robot offers 'an innovative solution that unites robotics, artificial intelligence and IoT connectivity. Featuring an Arduino Nano microcontroller, an ESP32-CAM real-time video streaming processor, and advanced sensors such as PIR (for sound detection), gas, flame, accelerometer, noise cancellation; and environmental sensor arrays, this autonomous robotic system is designed for precise monitoring in military, industrial or domestic applications. It has been developed to meet demanding high-precision standards. Bluetooth and Wi-Fi are both used by the robot to enable remote operation as well as transmitting data. In this paper, the system's architecture, innovative design methodology and optimized energy management strategies are thoroughly analysed. Extensive experimental testing confirms the robot's suitability for different environments, demonstrating high accuracy in detecting threats, exceptional power efficiency, and reliable autonomous navigation. The IBOT Surveillance Robot's real-time data processing, security flaws, and power requirements are the key factors that set it apart from other autonomous surveillance systems. It is scalable to modern security infrastructures and will be an intelligent asset in future with improvements such as AI-led anomaly detection, navigation via SLAM on the cloud, or cloud-integrated remote monitoring. "When intelligence meets motion, vigilance becomes seamless, and security transforms from a mere concept into an unwavering presence."
Copyright (c) 2025 EPH - International Journal of Applied Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EXPLORING THE GREEN SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR MULTIFACETED IMPACT ON BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS AND ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION: A REVIEW PAPER
Nanoparticles have attracted significant interest in recent years due to their distinctive characteristics and wide-ranging uses in different domains. Nanoparticle production using environmentally friendly technologies has become a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to traditional chemical processes. This review comprehensively explores the various green synthesis techniques employed for the production of nanoparticles, including those utilizing plant extracts, microorganisms, enzymes, and agricultural waste. Additionally, the multifaceted impact of green-synthesized nanoparticles on biomedical and environmental applications is elucidated. In biomedicine, these eco-friendly nanoparticles exhibit promising potential in drug delivery, diagnostics, and targeted delivery capabilities. Furthermore, their applications in environmental remediation, including pollutant degradation, heavy metal ion removal, and wastewater treatment, highlight their significance in addressing contemporary environmental challenges. The review also discusses the key properties and mechanisms underlying the enhanced performance of green-synthesized nanoparticles in biomedical and environmental applications, emphasizing their sustainable nature and reduced environmental footprint. Moreover, challenges and future perspectives in the synthesis and utilization of green nanoparticles are critically examined, aiming to pave the way for the development of innovative and sustainable nanotechnologies.
Copyright (c) 2024 EPH - International Journal of Applied Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MITIGATING AIR POLLUTION THROUGH AGRICULTURAL REFORM: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STUBBLE MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES FROM CHINA, THAILAND, AND THEIR POTENTIAL APPLICATION IN INDIA
India is the second largest Agro based economy that generates a large amount of agricultural waste, including crop residues. In the absence of proper sustainable management practises about 92 metric tons of crop waste is burnt almost every year in India, leading to excessive particulate matter emissions and air pollution. Burning of the residue has become a major environmental problem, caused global warming as well as contributed to health issues. The government of India has attempted to curtail this problem through numerous measures and decided to promote sustainable management methods such as converting crop residue to energy. However, a rapidly growing demand for food translates into a constant ramping up of yield production, which increasingly forces farmers to burn fields after harvest. What motivated me to take on this topic was the increased the pollution in Delhi. Burning paddy stubble has become a big issue for air pollution in Delhi and surrounding areas. Every year during October and November, farmers in Punjab and Haryana are blamed for polluting the Delhi air by burning stubble. The state governments have imposed a penalty of Rs 2,500 per acre to dissuade farmers from burning stubble, but this has not deterred the farmers in both Punjab and Haryana. Let us look into why these farmers opt to burn the stubble instead of managing it scientifically. They only have a window of about a month between harvesting rice and planting wheat, earlier, farmers used to manually cut the rice, with this method, the rice stalk would be cut close to the ground, but now, they use a machine called the combined harvester. It leaves a foot-and-a-half-long paddy stalks in field, which the farmers burn, furthermore, we have talked about what is stubble farming, what are its effects and what are some cost-efficient methods that are undertaken in Thailand and china. Methods used in Thailand include free gazing ducks in paddy field and rice straw compacting, and China includes subsidies and straw return. Thailand has used methods from a more ecocentric point of view while China has used opted for methods from a more technocentric point of view.