EPH-International Journal of Applied Science
EPH – International Journal of Applied Science (ISSN: 2208-2182) disseminates high-quality research across a broad range of disciplines, including natural sciences, engineering, health sciences, social sciences, and business management. The journal welcomes interdisciplinary work and innovative studies that bridge multiple fields. Journal Information Journal Title: EPH – International Journal of Applied Science ISSN: 2208-2182 Founded: 2015 Language: English Publication Frequency: Quarterly (4 times per year) Publisher: Southern Cross Academic Press
PHENOTYPIC TRAIT FREQUENCIES IN AN UNDERGRADUATE STUDENT COHORT FROM THANE DISTRICT, MAHARASHTRA
The phenotypic landscape of the Thane District student population (N=500) reveals significant genetic heterogeneity within this cosmopolitan Indian subcontinent hub. In this study eleven variables were recorded per participant: weight (kg), height (cm), double chin (yes/no), thumb cross dominance (left/right), ABO/Rh blood group (self-reported from medical records), earlobe type (free or Unjointed / joined), widow's peak (yes/no), Body colour (Skin Pigmentation) (fair/brown/dark), hair structure (straight/curly), hair colour (black/brown/hazel), and eye colour (black/brown/hazel) respectively. Dietary behaviour was also studied among vegetarians and non-vegetarians (both). This cross-sectional study identifies Blood group A+ as the most prevalent phenotype (34.2%), while the Rh-negative frequency (20.4%) notably exceeds national averages, suggesting localized allele frequencies or ancestral admixture. Morphological analysis of earlobe morphology (51% joined) and presence of widow’s peak (43.8%) aligns with South Asian benchmarks, though their distribution challenges strict Mendelian inheritance models in favor of polygenic or oligogenic patterns. Pigmentation traits remain dominated by ancestral alleles, with black hair (80.6%) and black eyes (59.8%) being near-universal. Anthropometric data confirmed significant sexual dimorphism in height (p < .001), while thumb-crossing dominance showed a near-even split (50.8% left), reflecting the trait's developmental ambiguity. This dataset, integrated with statistical analysis such as Chi-square tests and linear regression, provides a vital baseline for population genetics. Furthermore, it serves as a curated resource for outcome-based education aligned with the NEP-2020 framework, bridging the gap between theoretical evolutionary biology and observable human phenotypic traits in a diverse regional cohort.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
DESIGN OF A USER-FRIENDLY BICYCLE REGISTRATION AND TRACKING SYSTEM
Bicycle registration and tracking systems are also gaining significance to aid in sustainable urban mobility, ownership verification, theft deterrence, and recovery support. Most current solutions are however disjointed, complex, expensive or poorly linked with overarching transport and security systems. This review analyzes how to design an easy-to-use bicycle registration and tracking system by synthesising the literature regarding cycling behaviour, bike-sharing systems, Internet of Things architecture, mobile usability, data security, tracking technologies and smart mobility integration. The review points out that to be effective, good systems need more than just technical tracking; they need to integrate both easy registration processes, successful bicycle identification, trustworthy data management, privacy conscious location management, and open user interfaces. Comparative analysis reveals that manual registries, web-based, IoT-enabled trackers and community-based reporting systems have their own benefits, yet also significant limitations. It is advisable to have a hybrid model, where digital registration, passive identification, optional active tracking, alert notification, and authorized recovery support are incorporated into it. The review also points out the major issues that are associated with interoperability, adoption, cost, privacy, and institutional coordination. On the whole, the paper offers a systematic basis on how to design scalable, secure and user-friendly bicycle registration and tracking systems in urban settings.
Copyright (c) 2017 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
PHYTOREMEDIATION: A GREEN APPROACH FOR THE SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL
Life without plants is unimaginable on the earth. Starting from sustaining life on the earth to mitigation of various environmental problems, plants are inevitable and irreplaceable. Phytoremediation is a technique for remediation of air, water and soil where plants via various mechanisms can render the harmful pollutants less harmful or completely degrade the pollutants. In recent times phytoremediation has come out as a cost effective, environment friendly and sustainable approach technique of bioremediation. The article gives a comprehensive overview of various primary mechanisms of phytoremediation like Rhizofiltration, Phytovolatilization, Phytostabilization, phytoaccumulation and Phytodegradation for remediation of air, water and soil contaminated with heavy metals, organic pollutants, air pollutants and other contaminants. It further discusses the pros and cons of this mechanism and how modern emerging techniques of nanotechnology, microbial assistance, genetic engineering and biomass valorization are transforming the phytoremediation efficacy. By integration of various technology and environmental policies, phytoremediation can offer powerful and robust pathway to remediate ecosystem for a sustainable future.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON CANCER DETECTION ACROSS DIFFERENT STAGES OF CARCINOMA DEVELOPMENT USING MOLECULAR BIOLOGY TECHNIQUES
Carcinoma, a malignancy arising from epithelial cells, is the most common cancer globally and is linked to significant morbidity and mortality, especially due to late diagnosis and disease advancement. The goal of this study is to compare the usefulness of molecular biology approaches including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), next-generation sequencing (NGS), and biomarker analysis in finding cancer at different stages of development. The study concentrates on evaluating stage-specific diagnostic accuracy, expression patterns of molecular markers, and the sensitivity and specificity of different diagnostic methodologies. The results show that PCR-based methods, notably droplet digital PCR, are very good at finding known genetic alterations and circulating tumor DNA in the early stages of cancer. NGS offers extensive genomic profiling and is essential for detecting new mutations, tumor heterogeneity, and drug resistance, rendering it particularly successful in intermediate and later stages. Biomarker analysis, which looks at proteins, microRNAs, and epigenetic markers, is a way to screen for diseases, keep an eye on them, and figure out how likely they are to get better without having to do any intrusive tests. The combination of various molecular diagnostic technologies greatly improves the accuracy of detection and helps with planning individualized treatment. Nevertheless, significant obstacles to wider clinical adoption persist, including prohibitive costs, the necessity for extensive technical proficiency, and the unpredictability in biomarker expression. The study's conclusion is that a multi-modal diagnostic technique that combines PCR, NGS, and biomarker analysis is a promising way to improve early detection, treatment decisions, and survival rates in people with carcinoma.
A PATH TO COMFORT AND CONNECTION – A PROSPECTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
Palliative care is dedicated to improving the quality of life (QoL) of patients facing life-limiting illnesses. The growing recognition of holistic care in medicine has led to an increased emphasis on integrative therapies such as music therapy in palliative care settings. Research suggests that music therapy interventions can evoke positive emotions, improve sleep quality, and enhance overall QoL. Despite the promising evidence, structured research evaluating the impact of music therapy in palliative care, particularly within the Indian context, remains limited. The current research is a prospective methodology to evaluate the role of Music Therapy in enhancing emotional & spiritual well-being, and QoL in patients under Palliative Care. The designed intervention consists of structured phases aimed at addressing emotional well-being, relaxation, and overall quality of life. The FACIT-PAL-14 and FACIT - SP-12 which are validated tools designed to measure QoL and emotional and spiritual well-being of patients receiving palliative care, will be incorporated in this research study. As, to the best of our knowledge, there are only limited studies on music therapy in palliative care, particularly in the Indian context, this research offers a structured approach to evaluating its impact. This research design contributes valuable insights for future integration of music therapy into palliative care practices.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND STORAGE STABILITY ASSESSMENT OF DIETARY FIBRE-ENRICHED FOOD PRODUCTS DEVELOPED FROM BANANA PSEUDOSTEM POWDER
The increasing demand for functional foods with enhanced nutritional profiles has prompted investigation of novel ingredients derived from agricultural byproducts. Banana pseudostem, traditionally discarded after fruit harvest, represents an underutilized biomass resource with potential applications in food fortification. This study investigated the physicochemical properties and storage stability of three food product categories (biscuits, crisps, and sweets) fortified with banana pseudostem powder at substitution levels of 10%, 20%, and 30%. The study proposed the objectives, to comprehensively characterize the physicochemical properties of banana pseudostem powder and evaluate the impact of varying substitution levels on functional properties, quality parameters, and storage stability of developed food products over a 28-day period under ambient conditions (25 ± 2°C, 65 ± 5% relative humidity). In the study, banana pseudostem powder was characterized for water absorption capacity (WAC), oil absorption capacity (OAC), bulk density, and pH. Three product types were developed using composite flours with 0% (control), 10%, 20%, and 30% banana pseudostem powder substitution. Products were evaluated for moisture content, peroxide value, free fatty acid content, and microbiological quality (total plate count) at 7-day intervals during storage. Physicochemical changes were analyzed using standard AOAC methods, and statistical significance was determined using ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test (p < 0.05). The result indicated that banana pseudostem powder exhibited high water absorption capacity (4.50 ± 0.12 g/g), moderate oil absorption capacity (1.20 ± 0.08 g/g), bulk density of 0.42 ± 0.03 g/mL, and pH of 5.8 ± 0.2. Moisture uptake during storage increased proportionally with substitution level across all products, with biscuits showing increases from 3.0% (day 0) to 4.6% (day 28) for control and 4.5% to 7.3% for 30% substitution. Peroxide values remained below 5 meq/kg for all formulations throughout storage, indicating adequate oxidative stability. Free fatty acid content increased marginally but remained within acceptable limits (<2.0%). Total plate counts remained below 4 log CFU/g for all products. Crisps demonstrated higher moisture uptake rates (5.8% to 10.2% at 30% substitution) compared to biscuits and sweets due to higher surface-to-volume ratio and oil content. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) between substitution levels for all quality parameters. The study concluded that banana pseudostem powder incorporation significantly influences physicochemical properties and storage stability of food products in a dose-dependent manner. While all substitution levels maintained microbiological safety and oxidative stability within acceptable limits during 28-day ambient storage, higher fibre content increased hygroscopic nature, necessitating appropriate packaging solutions. The 10% substitution level demonstrated optimal balance between functional property modifications and storage stability maintenance. Enhanced packaging materials or modified atmosphere packaging may enable successful commercialization of products with higher substitution levels (20-30%) offering superior nutritional benefits.
Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
THE ROLE OF LOGICAL BELIEFS IN PREDICTING CHATGPT ADOPTION AND AVOIDANCE IN HIGHER EDUCATION
This conceptual research paper examines how logical beliefs—defined here as cognitive, evidential, and epistemic judgments about an innovation—shape both the adoption and avoidance of ChatGPT in higher education. While current debates emphasize ethical risks, skill impacts, and institutional policy, less attention has been paid to how faculty and students form reasoned beliefs about ChatGPT’s reliability, usefulness, and limits, and how those beliefs translate into behavioural intentions. Integrating Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991), the Technology Acceptance Model (Davis, 1989), and scholarship on epistemic beliefs (Hofer & Pintrich, 1997), this paper develops a theoretical model in which logical beliefs (accuracy beliefs, transparency beliefs, evidential beliefs, and boundary beliefs) influence perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, normative pressure, and perceived behavioral control, and thereby predict both adoption and conscious avoidance. The paper proposes an empirical mixed-methods design to test the model in multiple higher-education contexts, outlines measurement approaches, and discusses implications for policy, instructional design, and faculty development. Practical recommendations for institutions to reduce unwarranted avoidance and to ensure responsible uptake are provided. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.
DEVELOPMENT AND NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF FOOD PRODUCTS INCORPORATING BANANA PSEUDOSTEM POWDER: A SUSTAINABLE APPROACH TO DIETARY FIBRE FORTIFICATION
Banana pseudostem, an abundant agricultural byproduct generated during fruit harvest, represents a significant source of dietary fibre and minerals that is traditionally discarded as waste. This research investigated the potential of dried banana pseudostem powder as a functional ingredient for nutritional enhancement of conventional food products. The study aimed to develop and comprehensively evaluate food products (biscuits, crisps, and sweets) incorporating banana pseudostem powder at varying substitution levels (10%, 20%, and 30%) and to assess their nutritional composition, physicochemical properties, sensory acceptability, and storage stability. In the study, the banana pseudostem powder was prepared through systematic drying and grinding procedures. A comprehensive nutritional and physicochemical characterization were conducted by standard AOAC methods. Nine food products were developed at three substitution levels alongside control formulations. Products were evaluated for nutritional composition, sensory attributes using a 9-point hedonic scale with 30 trained panelists, and shelf-life stability was evaluated over 28 days under ambient storage conditions. The results indicated that banana pseudostem powder demonstrated exceptional nutritional properties with 39.0 g/100g crude fibre (13-20 fold higher than wheat flour), 1200 mg/100g potassium (9-fold higher), and 250 mg/100g calcium (12-17 fold higher). Water absorption capacity was 4.50 ± 0.12 g/g. Substitution resulted in systematic increases in dietary fibre content across all products, with biscuits showing fibre increases from 2.5 g/100g (control) to 11.0 g/100g (30% substitution), representing a 340% enhancement. Sensory evaluation revealed that 10% substitution maintained high acceptability (overall scores 7.6-7.9), while 20% substitution approached threshold acceptability (scores 6.8-7.1). The 30% substitution level provided maximum nutritional benefits but showed marginal consumer acceptance (scores 5.9-6.1). Shelf-life studies demonstrated adequate stability at lower substitution levels with appropriate packaging. The study concluded that banana pseudostem powder represents a viable functional ingredient for developing fibre-enriched food products that address dietary fibre inadequacy while promoting agricultural waste valorization. The 10% substitution level is optimal for commercial applications, balancing substantial nutritional enhancement (125-250% fibre increase) with high consumer acceptability and adequate shelf stability. This research provides evidence-based guidance for food manufacturers seeking sustainable ingredients for nutritional fortification.
BIOMASS AND CARBON STORAGE POTENTIAL OF TREES IN AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS PRACTICED IN THREE DISTRICTS OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH (INDIA) LYING ALONG THREE DIFFERENT ALTITUDINAL GRADIENTS
Agroforestry is an effective strategic approach for carbon sequestration and plays a significant role in addressing climate change. Additionally, agroforestry offers various ecological and economic advantages, tackling issues such as forest degradation and soil infertility. This study highlights the carbon storage capabilities of woody species within agroforestry systems across three distinct altitudinal zones. The total biomass was observed to be highest in the tropical zone's agroforestry systems, gradually decreasing with higher altitudes. Species such as Tectona grandis, Terminalia myriocarpa, and various Pinus species were identified as major contributors to carbon storage potential. Promoting agroforestry systems should be emphasized, recognizing them as an important strategy in the fight against global warming and climate change challenges.
MEDICINAL PLANT: GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA AND ITS EFFICACY IN IN VITRO AGAINST FASCIOLA GIGANTICA LARVA
Fascioliasis is an economically important disease, which caused by Fasciola (liver fluke) among cattle and human. Class trematoda has Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica which are worldwide. The intermediate host of Fasciola is Lymnaeidae snail. Fasciola is a hermaphrodite and their larval stages (sporocyst, redia and cercaria) are completed within the host snail. Infection of this disease can be control by destroy the larval stages. The aim of this study is to use of different preparation of Glycyrrhiza glabra plant in in vitro against sporocyst, redia and cercaria larva of F. gigantica. Each experimental setup of Petri dish contains 10 larvae. The dried root powder, organic extracts and column purified fractions were exposed in 10 ml dechlorinated water against sporocyst, redia and cercaria within 2h, 4h, 6h and 8h separately. The column purified fraction were shows after 2h LC50 51.15, 48.42 and 55.69 mg/ml and 8h LC50 45.95, 40.15, and 45.62 mg/ml efficacy against sporocyst, redia and cercaria, respectively.
SUSTAINABLE ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND ITS IMPACT ON LONG-TERM BUSINESS PERFORMANCE
Sustainable entrepreneurship has emerged as a critical business approach that integrates economic performance with environmental stewardship and social responsibility. Unlike traditional entrepreneurship, which primarily focuses on short-term profitability, sustainable entrepreneurship emphasizes long-term value creation for multiple stakeholders. This research paper examines the impact of sustainable entrepreneurial practices on long-term business performance using quantitative indicators such as revenue growth, cost efficiency, market share, employee productivity, and brand equity. The study is based on a survey of 120 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) across manufacturing, services, and technology sectors that have adopted sustainability-driven strategies for at least five years. Statistical tools including descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, and regression modeling were employed to evaluate the relationship between sustainability practices and business performance outcomes. The findings reveal that firms with high sustainability adoption reported an average revenue growth rate of 14.8%, compared to 8.2% for conventional firms. Cost savings through resource efficiency averaged 12– 18% annually, while customer retention rates increased by nearly 22%. Regression results indicate that environmental innovation, ethical governance, and social engagement significantly influence long-term profitability (p < 0.05). The study confirms that sustainable entrepreneurship not only enhances financial performance but also improves organizational resilience and competitive advantage. These findings contribute to the growing body of literature by providing empirical evidence that sustainability-driven entrepreneurship is a strategic pathway for achieving long-term business success in an increasingly competitive and resource-constrained global economy.
ANTIHISTAMINIC PROPERTY OF SOLANUM XANTHOCARPUM AND ITS PHYTOCONSTITUENTS
Now a days there has been steady increase in the prevalence allergic immune response involving immune cells and mediators. The key role in the immune cascade is taken by histamine. It is natural component of the body, which in the allergic inflammatory response is released by the mast cells and basophils. Compound Sx-7 isolated from alcoholic extract of S. xanthocarpum as white crystals (m.p. 164ºC) U.V., 1H NMR and mass spectroscopy of this compound is similar to spectral data of stigmasterol. Active phytoconstituents Solasodine also extracted from alcoholic extract which play an important role for altering concentration in human body. In comparison with standard drug DSCG alcoholic extract protect degranulation of mast cell at dose of 50 mg & 100 mg/kg b.w. 74.39% and 78.26% respectively. Solasodine protect 79.48% and 84.38% at a dose of 1.0mg & 2.0 mg/kg b.w. significantly. Histamine causes branchoconstriction by activating H1-receptors. Eosinophilia is abnormal increase in the peripheral eosinophil count especially in the development of allergic asthma. Stabilization of mast cell by alcoholic extract of S. xanthocarpum at a dose of 50mg & 100 mg/kg b.w., i.p. shown percentage protection of 74.39% and 78.26% respectively as compared to standard drug DSCG 83.81%. Active constituent Solasodine protection percentage was found 79.48 and 84.38 at dose of 1.0mg and 2.0 mg/kg b.w. significantly.
Copyright (c) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
HARNESSING MICROALGAL DIVERSITY FROM DHOSI HILL, MAHENDERGARH, HARYANA, INDIA FOR RENEWABLE BIODIESEL APPLICATIONS
Microalgae are recognized as hopeful sustainable feedstocks for biodiesel production due to their fast growth rate, high photosynthetic efficiency, and ability to accumulate considerable lipid content. The present study focuses on the isolation, purification, and molecular identification of freshwater microalgae from Shiv Kund Dhosi Hill, Mahendergarh, Haryana, India, and the evaluation of their biodiesel production potential. From the water source one algae was isolated and named as MKI01, it was successfully established in sterile culture. Biodiesel extraction using a solvent-based method revealed that MKI01 yielded a higher lipid-derived biodiesel output, producing approximately 10.0 ± 0.1 mL from 20 g of dried biomass. Molecular identification using 18S rRNA gene sequencing confirmed MKI01 was Chlorella sp. showing 100% similarity with reference sequences in the NCBI database. Phylogenetic analysis further supported the taxonomic placement. The results focous on Chlorella sp. from the Dhosi Hill region as a promising candidate for biodiesel production.
EVERYDAY NUTRITION ENHANCING AMATEUR SPORTS PERFORMANCE
Everyday nutrition empowers amateur athletes to enhance performance in activities like weekend soccer, jogging, and cycling through accessible, food-first strategies without elite supplements. This conceptual paper synthesises evidence on balanced macronutrients, micronutrients, and timing/hydration to optimise glycogen, recovery, and resilience. The Periodized Nutrition Model adapts intake across preparatory, competition, and recovery phases, preventing low energy availability common in non-elites. Cultural adaptations for Indian amateurs leverage ICMR guidelines, emphasising regional staples. Findings highlight 15-30% gains in endurance, body composition, and motivation, fostering lifelong activity. Barriers, such as busy schedules and vegetarianism, are mitigated through fortified atta and monsoon spice recoveries. Future RCTs in diverse cohorts and mobile apps are recommended, positioning everyday nutrition as equitable for India's recreational participants.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
ACORUS CALAMUS L. IN FOCUS: AN INTEGRATIVE BOTANICAL REVIEW OF TAXONOMY, MORPHOLOGICAL PLASTICITY, AND HABITAT-DRIVEN EVOLUTION
Acorus calamus L. is a very intriguing botanical, ecological and evolutionary perennial wetland monocot. Although having a long and rich history of medicinal and cultural use, there is a relative lack of comprehensive integrative analysis of its taxonomy, morphological variability and ecological adaptation. The review is a synthesis of literature both classical and modern to discuss the taxonomic position of A. calamus, morphology, and the degree of phenotypic plasticity that is manifested in the various wetland environments. The importance of habitat heterogeneity, hydrological gradients, and ecological pressures in the morphological diversification and possible evolutionary pathways (cytotypic variation and habitat-induced differentiation) are placed. The review provides the contribution of environmental factors to the adaptive strategies in A. calamus by looking at the integration of taxonomic, morphological, and ecological perspectives. The conservation issues are also discussed in the paper and areas of future research directions are identified which are necessary to gain understanding of the evolutionary ecology of wetland plants.
ETHNO MEDICINAL HERITAGE OF SHOPIAN (JAMMU & KASHMIR): TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND FOLK HEALING PRACTICES.
The practice of folk medicine is not new to the healthcare of the rural populations in Kashmir, and thus, it has been practiced since ancient times in the treatment of various ailments. The high dependency on the traditional remedies is due to the fact that there are few modern medical centers in the rural areas and the high number of medicinal plant species in the region. In the current times, folk practitioners have remained critical to healthcare in most developing countries and the district of Shopian (J&K) is not an exception. The majority of the world population, estimated to be five billion, out of the seven-point five billion people, rely entirely or partly on traditional medicine, which is mainly plant-based, either grown locally or collected in the wild forests. The paper will aim to show the importance of folk and ethnic medicine to the healthcare system of Shopian district and its cultural and therapeutical importance.
TO STUDY THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICINES IN ‘LM’ POTENCY IN CASES OF OSTEOARTHRITIS
Background- Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic, degenerative disorder of synovial joints that increasingly affects the aging population, leading to pain, stiffness, restricted mobility, and disability. Conventional therapies often offer only symptomatic relief and may produce long-term adverse effects. Homoeopathic LM (50 millesimal) potencies, as introduced in the Sixth Edition of the Organon of Medicine, are known for their gentle, deep, and individualized therapeutic action with minimal aggravations. However, scientific literature regarding their effectiveness in OA remains limited, necessitating clinical evaluation. Aim- To study the effectiveness of individualized Homoeopathic medicines in LM potency in cases of Osteoarthritis. Methodology-An open-label, prospective clinical study was conducted on 100 cases of osteoarthritis aged 40 years and above, attending the OPD/IPD of Sri Ganganagar Homoeopathic Medical College Hospital & Research Institute. Patients were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, and written informed consent was obtained. Individualized remedies in LM potencies were prescribed after detailed case taking, repertorization, and MateriaMedica confirmation. WOMAC (Western Ontario & McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index) was used to assess pain, stiffness, and physical function before and after treatment. Data were statistically analyzed using paired t-test via SPSS software (ver.16). Results- Highly significant improvement was observed in all components of the WOMAC score. The mean difference between pre- and post-treatment scores was 4.57, with a standard deviation of 4.367. The calculated t-value was 10.481, with p < 0.001, indicating strong statistical significance and rejecting the null hypothesis. Commonly indicated medicines included Rhustoxicodendron, Ruta, and Bryonia, corresponding to the dominant miasmatic patterns (Psora and Sycosis). Conclusion- Individualized Homoeopathic medicines in LM potency demonstrated significant therapeutic benefits in cases of osteoarthritis, reducing pain, stiffness, and functional disability as reflected in improved WOMAC scores. The findings support the clinical usefulness and safety of LM potencies as an effective complementary approach for osteoarthritis management.
Prevalence and Clinical Correlates of Depression among Young Adults Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital
Background: Depression is a major public health concern, particularly among young adults, impacting emotional, social, and occupational functioning. Tertiary care hospitals often serve as key points for identifying undiagnosed depression. Objective: To assess the prevalence, severity, and clinical correlates of depression among young adults attending a tertiary care hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 120 young adults aged 18–35 years at Autonomous state Medical College, Pilibhit, attending outpatient or inpatient departments, collaboration with the District Institute of Education and Training, Siddharth Nagar, Depression severity was assessed using the PHQ-9 and HAM-D scales. Clinical correlates including sleep disturbance, anxiety, substance use, chronic medical illness, and family psychiatric history were evaluated. Results: Of the participants, 38% had moderate to severe depression. The highest prevalence was observed in the 21–25 years age group. Clinical correlates such as sleep disturbance (57%), anxiety (60%), substance use (63%), chronic medical illness (60%), and positive family history (72%) were significantly associated with higher depression severity. A strong positive correlation was observed between PHQ-9 and HAM-D scores (r = 0.89, p < 0.001). Gender differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Depression is highly prevalent among young adults in tertiary care settings and is associated with sleep problems, anxiety, substance use, chronic illness, and family history. Routine screening using validated tools like PHQ-9 and timely intervention are essential to reduce the burden of depression in this vulnerable population.
Gene Therapy Approaches in Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Overview
Neurodegenerative diseases are a major challenge in modern neuroscience. Disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) cause serious nerve cell damage and gradual loss of body functions. Because many of these diseases are linked to faulty genes, gene therapy has gained attention as a possible way to slow or change disease progression. In Alzheimer’s disease, gene therapy focuses on delivering genes like ApoE and BDNF to reduce harmful amyloid plaques and support nerve cell survival. Parkinson’s disease studies mainly use viral vectors to deliver genes that increase dopamine production and improve movement. Huntington’s disease treatment aims to silence the defective HTT gene using RNA-based methods and gene editing tools. In ALS, therapies target genes such as SOD1 and C9orf72 to protect motor neurons. Modern tools like viral vectors, CRISPR-Cas9, and antisense therapies show strong potential. However, challenges such as safe delivery, side effects, immune reactions, and ethical issues remain. Overall, gene therapy offers hope for more personalized and effective treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.
TO STUDY THE USEFULNESS OF HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICINES IN TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF CERVICAL SPONDYLITIS IN COMPUTER OPERATORS
Background-Cervical spondylitis is a prevalent condition among computer operators which causes neck pain due to prolonged sitting, poor posture, and repetitive neck strain. Homoeopathic medicines have shown good results in relieving pain, improving mobility, and enhancing overall well-being in patients with cervical spondylitis, offering a holistic and non-invasive treatment. Aim- To determine homoeopathic medicine can improve the neck pain in daily living in computer operators. Methodology- This clinical interventional study evaluated the effectiveness of individualized homoeopathic treatment in 100 cases of cervical spondylitis among computer operators aged 20–60 years, from the OPD of Sri Ganganagar Homoeopathic Medical College based on defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Symptoms were assessed using the Neck Disability Index (NDI) before and after treatment. Remedies were prescribed according to homoeopathic principles, and data were analyzed using SPSS version 29 with a paired t-test. Result- A marked reduction in Neck Disability Index scores were noted down, (t99=15.00 with p<0.001 which is greater than its tabulated value 1.98 at 5% level of significance). Clinically, 70% of patients showed significant improvement, while 20% improved moderately. Cocculus indicus was prescribed in maximum cases as indicated remedy, followed by Belladonna and Rhus Toxicodendron. Conclusion- Homoeopathic treatment showed significant improvement in symptoms of cervical spondylitis among computer operators, with a marked reduction in disability and neck pain. These findings support the effectiveness of individualized homoeopathic management, though further randomized controlled trials are recommended.
FEED INTAKE, GROWTH PERFORMANCE, HEMATOLOGY AND SERUM BIOCHEMICAL INDICES OF SASSO CHICKEN RELIED ON INCLUSION OF NEEM (AZADIRACHTA INDICA) AND BITTER (VERNONIA AMYGDALINA) LEAF EXTRACTS
The study evaluated the effectiveness of neem and bitter leaf extract as a natural feed additive for broiler chicks, focusing on feed intake, body weight gain, carcass parameters, and sensory evaluation of meat and its composition. A total of 122 unsexed Sasso chickens were randomly assigned to four treatments with three replications in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Feed intake, Average daily gain (ADG), and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) were analyzed for starter (1-21 days), finisher (22-42 days), and entire experiment periods (42 days), comparing daily offers and refusals. Four broilers were slaughtered and treated with bitter and neem leaf extract in water for different treatments (0 ml, 2 ml, 4 ml, and 6 ml per liter of water for T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively), evaluating carcass evaluation at the end of the trial. The CP and ME content of neem leave powder (NLP) and bitter leave powder (BLP) were 22.90% and 2680.96 Kcal/Kg DM and 21.95% and 3020.85 Kcal/Kg DM respectively. The average daily feed intake (ADFI) during the entire period was 104.49,116.07,118.65,122.32 g/bird (SEM=2.03) for T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively, and it was significantly higher (p<0.05) for T4 compared to other treatment groups. The body weight gain (BWG) during the entire experimental period was 45.95, 56.72, 57.92, and 61.95 g/bird/day (SEM=1.88) for T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively, and significantly higher in T4. The Feed conversion ratio (FCR) during the entire period was 2.28, 2.04, 2.04, and 1.97 (SEM = 0.04) for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively and best for T4. Carcass's weight was 1331.96, 1622.01, 1674.27 and 1899.70gm (SEM=65.58) for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively, and it was higher in T4 than other treatments. The giblet organs and crop were significantly higher (P˂0.05) for T4. The serum cholesterol (SC) and white blood cell (WBC) of broilers in the experiment period were significantly (P˂0.05) lower for T4 as compared to other treatment. But Total protein (TP) was significantly (P˂0.05) higher in T4 among treatment groups which showed that the addition of extract in drink water of broiler had positive effect on the chicks’ blood. The study recommends a combination of neem and bitter leaf extract in 6ml/1lt of drink water as a beneficial natural feed additive for Sasso Chicken production.
IN-SILICO EVALUATION OF TRACHYSPERMUM AMMI EXTRACTS: A REVIEW
The plant Trachyspermum ammi, sometimes referred to as carom or ajwain seeds, has drawn a lot of attention from researchers studying therapeutic plants. The review article offers a thorough examination of the in silico assessments carried out on T. ammi extracts, emphasising the possible medical uses for them. We conduct an organised review of the computational research that has looked at the bioactive substances found in T. ammi, their molecular interactions with different target proteins, and the anticipated pharmacological impacts. The review covers the use of computational techniques such as quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis and molecular docking studies to evaluate the therapeutic potential of T. ammi extracts. The plant's components potential as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-cancer agents is given particular consideration. This review attempts to provide a strong basis for future research orientations and possible medication development techniques utilising T. ammi extracts by compiling and critically analysing the available in-silico data.
PRIORITIES IN BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN BARAK VALLEY WITH REFERENCE TO INNER-LINE RF, INDIA
The Northeastern Region of India, comprising Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura, is physiographically divided into the Eastern Himalaya, the northeastern hill ranges, and the Brahmaputra-Barak valley plains. Spanning 262,180 km², this region forms a major biodiversity hotspot at the Indo-Burma and Eastern Himalayan junction, supporting nearly 25% of India’s flora, over 14,000 species, and 3,169 endemics. Within this landscape, the Barak Valley of Assam represents an ecologically significant domain marked by extensive forest cover and a network of protected areas. The Inner-Line Reserve Forest (ILRF), one of Assam’s largest reserve forests, covers approximately 44,266 hectares, bordering Mizoram and Manipur, and historically supports diverse fauna, including five primate species. Declining awareness among local communities and delayed implementation of conservation actions have contributed to progressive wildlife depletion. Land-use and land-cover assessments from 1998 to 2011 indicate a clear reduction in forest area within and around ILRF, reflecting broader ecological degradation across the Barak Valley. Compounding these threats is the limited legal protection afforded to many species. While the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 categorizes fauna under Schedules I-V and plants under Schedule VI, effective conservation remains skewed toward Schedule I and portions of Schedule II. This disparity fosters public misperception and neglect of lower-tier species. Consequently, there is an urgent need for policymakers to re-evaluate conservation strategies in light of evolving land-use patterns, climate change, and rapid urbanisation to safeguard the region’s threatened biodiversity.
HRGA: A HYBRID REASONING AND GENERATION ARCHITECTURE FOR MODULAR, EXPLAINABLE, AND EFFICIENT LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS
The rapid evolution of large language models has yielded remarkable generative capabilities; yet, significant chal- lenges remain regarding transparency, modularity, and compu- tational efficiency during complex reasoning tasks. To address these limitations, this paper proposes the Hybrid Reasoning and Generation Architecture, a novel framework that synergizes symbolic reasoning with neural generation to enhance inter- pretability and adaptive performance. This architecture inte- grates a modular multi-expert reasoning layer with a generative transformer backbone, facilitating dynamic switching between reasoning, retrieval, and generation modules based on the imme- diate task context. The system design leverages hybrid pipelines, utilizing knowledge-based reasoning graphs, contextual memory caching, and Mixture-of-Experts routing to optimize computa- tional resource allocation. Experimental evaluations demonstrate that the proposed framework achieves superior accuracy and reduced inference latency compared to conventional monolithic transformer models while providing transparent reasoning traces. Furthermore, the architecture exhibits cross-domain adaptability, proving effective for explainable artificial intelligence applications in sectors such as education, healthcare, and finance. Ultimately, this work offers a scalable paradigm for next-generation language models, bridging the gap between fluent text generation and logical, explainable decision-making.
Hybrid Reasoning and Generation Architecture (HRGA)
HOMOEOPATHIC APPROACH TO DERMATOLOGY: A REVIEW OF HOMOEOPATHIC MANAGEMENT OF ACNE, SCABIES, AND OTHER COMMON SKIN DISORDERS FROM HOMOEOPATHIC STALWARTS’ VIEW
Homoeopathy has a long history of use in dermatology, with classical stalwarts such as Hahnemann, Kent, Boericke, Allen, and Clarke contributed extensive materia medica descriptions and clinical observations. Although modern scientific evidence remains limited and inconclusive, homoeopathy continues to be practiced widely in the management of dermatological complaints. This review highlights the perspectives of homoeopathic stalwarts on treating acne, scabies, eczema, urticaria, and other common skin diseases, focusing on remedy selection, constitutional prescribing, and individualized case-taking. The approach emphasizes understanding the patient’s physical, emotional, and constitutional characteristics, with remedies selected according to the law of similars. While these views reflect important historical and philosophical foundations of homoeopathic dermatology, they should be interpreted as part of a complementary framework rather than a substitute for evidence-based dermatologic care.
HEALTH AND WELLNESS CLAIMS: REGULATORY EVOLUTION, PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS, AND SCIENTIFIC CHALLENGES
Post-2020, assertions of nutritional advantages and preventive benefits of supplements proliferated amid pandemic-driven immunity demands, prompting diverse oversight mechanisms worldwide. Europe's rigorous pre-approval processes yielded few authorisations due to evidentiary hurdles; America's flexible notifications contrasted sharply. Emerging economies integrated incentives via insurance rewards and ad curbs, while Gulf harmonisation stressed label accuracy sans curative promises. Shoppers mix up ingredient lists with health results, liking easy words and personal perks, so they pay more. Hard to prove claims work the same for everyone; some places skip tough tests. Validation barriers loom large: rigorous trials falter on reproducibility; local gaps foster unchecked promotions. Future needs apps, gene tests, and the same rules everywhere to build trust as wellness grows big.
ENCAPSULATION EFFICIENCY, POLYMER COMPATIBILITY, AND CONTROLLED RELEASE KINETICS OF THERAPEUTIC MOLECULES LOADED INTO PLANT-POLYMER HARD CAPSULES
This work investigates the encapsulation performance, drug-polymer compatibility, and release kinetics of a therapeutic organic molecule loaded into optimized plant-polymer capsules developed in Paper-1. Drug loading was performed using direct-fill methods, after which encapsulation efficiency, FTIR/DSC compatibility, dissolution behavior, stability testing, and kinetic modeling were evaluated. The capsules exhibited high encapsulation efficiency (82–91%), satisfactory drug content uniformity (95–102%), and controlled release of 38–52% at 30 minutes and 68–79% at 60 minutes. Release modeling showed excellent correlation with the Higuchi diffusion model (R² = 0.96), indicating release governed primarily by polymer-matrix diffusion. FTIR and DSC revealed no major chemical incompatibilities, and stability testing for 90 days confirmed retention of hardness and absence of cracking under ICH conditions. Overall, the system demonstrates strong potential for delivering small-molecule therapeutics through environmentally friendly plant-based capsules.
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FORMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HARD, GELATIN‑LIKE CAPSULES USING A FOUR-POLYMER PLANT-BASED SYSTEM
This study reports the development and characterization of hard, gelatin-like capsules using a novel four-polymer plant-based system comprising corn starch (CS), agar-agar (AA), sodium alginate (SA), and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), with glycerin as a plasticizer. The polymer blend was optimized to achieve controlled viscosity, predictable gelation, and uniform capsule wall formation. Rheological analysis demonstrated shear-thinning behavior suitable for dip-molding, and oscillatory measurements identified the G′/G″ crossover point, confirming a robust sol–gel transition. Drying kinetics followed a first-order exponential decay, yielding capsules with high mechanical hardness and low moisture content. API incorporation and content uniformity analysis showed RSD below 6%, while dissolution studies indicated controlled, diffusion-driven release consistent with Higuchi and first-order models. Stability modeling using the Arrhenius equation predicted reliable long-term shelf life under ambient conditions. Compared with previously reported single- or dual-polymer systems, the proposed four-polymer capsules demonstrated superior mechanical strength, moisture control, release behavior, and stability, highlighting their potential as a plant-based alternative to gelatin capsules.
FROM SOURCE TO SIP: A COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION OF THE MINERAL WATER INDUSTRY'S SUPPLY CHAIN AND ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT IN KASHMIR VALLEY
The mineral water market has grown due to customer demand for high-quality, convenient, and purified drinking water. However, this industry's environmental implications are under review. This study examines the mineral water industry's supply chain and environmental impact in Kashmir, known for its plentiful water resources. This study examines mineral water supply chain sourcing, processing, packaging, and distribution using field surveys, water quality studies, and LCA. Key findings show that while Kashmir Valley's mineral water sector benefits from pure spring sources, energy-intensive purification, single-use plastic packaging, and long distribution networks have a significant environmental impact. Over the product life cycle, LCA data show significant greenhouse gas emissions, water consumption, and waste. Sustainable practises like source protection, alternative packaging, and optimised logistics are advised. Policymakers, business stakeholders, and consumers wanting to reduce the environmental effect of the mineral water industry in Kashmir and beyond can benefit from this study.
THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE IN GENDER-BASED SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: A CASE STUDY OF #METOO
This study examines how language shapes digital participation in the #MeToo movement by analyzing social media posts, survivor statements, and news media coverage. The research explores how linguistic strategies construct empowerment, identity, solidarity, and resistance within public discourse surrounding gender-based violence. A qualitative descriptive research design was used to analyze forty two publicly accessible texts published between 2018 and 2023. The dataset included twenty five social media posts, ten survivor statements from public blogs and interviews, and seven news articles from international media outlets. Data were collected manually through public search functions and open web access. Thematic and linguistic discourse analysis was conducted to identify patterns in pronoun use, emotional vocabulary, slogans, narrative structures, tone categories, and media framing techniques. The results show that social media posts frequently employed first-person and collective pronouns, emotional language, and solidarity phrases that strengthened collective identity and empowerment. Survivor statements demonstrated structured narrative patterns characterized by contextual detail, emotional expression, turning points, and calls for awareness. Supportive and backlash discourse coexisted, revealing tensions in public responses to survivor testimony. News articles used metaphors, evaluative terms, and cautious legal phrasing, indicating varied framing approaches that influenced public interpretation. Comparison across the three sources showed shared themes of voice, power, and change, although each medium performed distinct discursive functions. The study provides empirical insight into real-life linguistic patterns within #MeToo, emphasizing the central role of language in shaping digital feminist activism. It contributes to scholarship on gender, media, and discourse by illustrating how linguistic choices influence empowerment, resistance, and the framing of gender-based social movements.