EPH-International Journal of Applied Science
EPH-International Journal of Applied Science (ISSN: 2208-2182) publishes high-quality research across a broad range of disciplines, including natural sciences, engineering, health sciences, social sciences, and business management. We welcome interdisciplinary work and innovative studies that bridge multiple fields. Publisher: Southern Cross Academic Press Language of edition: English.. Founded: 2015 ISSN: 2208-2182 Publication frequency: 4 times per year.
ETHNO MEDICINAL HERITAGE OF SHOPIAN (JAMMU & KASHMIR): TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND FOLK HEALING PRACTICES.
The practice of folk medicine is not new to the healthcare of the rural populations in Kashmir, and thus, it has been practiced since ancient times in the treatment of various ailments. The high dependency on the traditional remedies is due to the fact that there are few modern medical centers in the rural areas and the high number of medicinal plant species in the region. In the current times, folk practitioners have remained critical to healthcare in most developing countries and the district of Shopian (J&K) is not an exception. The majority of the world population, estimated to be five billion, out of the seven-point five billion people, rely entirely or partly on traditional medicine, which is mainly plant-based, either grown locally or collected in the wild forests. The paper will aim to show the importance of folk and ethnic medicine to the healthcare system of Shopian district and its cultural and therapeutical importance.
Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
TO STUDY THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICINES IN ‘LM’ POTENCY IN CASES OF OSTEOARTHRITIS
Background- Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic, degenerative disorder of synovial joints that increasingly affects the aging population, leading to pain, stiffness, restricted mobility, and disability. Conventional therapies often offer only symptomatic relief and may produce long-term adverse effects. Homoeopathic LM (50 millesimal) potencies, as introduced in the Sixth Edition of the Organon of Medicine, are known for their gentle, deep, and individualized therapeutic action with minimal aggravations. However, scientific literature regarding their effectiveness in OA remains limited, necessitating clinical evaluation. Aim- To study the effectiveness of individualized Homoeopathic medicines in LM potency in cases of Osteoarthritis. Methodology-An open-label, prospective clinical study was conducted on 100 cases of osteoarthritis aged 40 years and above, attending the OPD/IPD of Sri Ganganagar Homoeopathic Medical College Hospital & Research Institute. Patients were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, and written informed consent was obtained. Individualized remedies in LM potencies were prescribed after detailed case taking, repertorization, and MateriaMedica confirmation. WOMAC (Western Ontario & McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index) was used to assess pain, stiffness, and physical function before and after treatment. Data were statistically analyzed using paired t-test via SPSS software (ver.16). Results- Highly significant improvement was observed in all components of the WOMAC score. The mean difference between pre- and post-treatment scores was 4.57, with a standard deviation of 4.367. The calculated t-value was 10.481, with p < 0.001, indicating strong statistical significance and rejecting the null hypothesis. Commonly indicated medicines included Rhustoxicodendron, Ruta, and Bryonia, corresponding to the dominant miasmatic patterns (Psora and Sycosis). Conclusion- Individualized Homoeopathic medicines in LM potency demonstrated significant therapeutic benefits in cases of osteoarthritis, reducing pain, stiffness, and functional disability as reflected in improved WOMAC scores. The findings support the clinical usefulness and safety of LM potencies as an effective complementary approach for osteoarthritis management.
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Prevalence and Clinical Correlates of Depression among Young Adults Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital
Background: Depression is a major public health concern, particularly among young adults, impacting emotional, social, and occupational functioning. Tertiary care hospitals often serve as key points for identifying undiagnosed depression. Objective: To assess the prevalence, severity, and clinical correlates of depression among young adults attending a tertiary care hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 120 young adults aged 18–35 years at Autonomous state Medical College, Pilibhit, attending outpatient or inpatient departments, collaboration with the District Institute of Education and Training, Siddharth Nagar, Depression severity was assessed using the PHQ-9 and HAM-D scales. Clinical correlates including sleep disturbance, anxiety, substance use, chronic medical illness, and family psychiatric history were evaluated. Results: Of the participants, 38% had moderate to severe depression. The highest prevalence was observed in the 21–25 years age group. Clinical correlates such as sleep disturbance (57%), anxiety (60%), substance use (63%), chronic medical illness (60%), and positive family history (72%) were significantly associated with higher depression severity. A strong positive correlation was observed between PHQ-9 and HAM-D scores (r = 0.89, p < 0.001). Gender differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Depression is highly prevalent among young adults in tertiary care settings and is associated with sleep problems, anxiety, substance use, chronic illness, and family history. Routine screening using validated tools like PHQ-9 and timely intervention are essential to reduce the burden of depression in this vulnerable population.
Gene Therapy Approaches in Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Overview
Neurodegenerative diseases are a major challenge in modern neuroscience. Disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) cause serious nerve cell damage and gradual loss of body functions. Because many of these diseases are linked to faulty genes, gene therapy has gained attention as a possible way to slow or change disease progression. In Alzheimer’s disease, gene therapy focuses on delivering genes like ApoE and BDNF to reduce harmful amyloid plaques and support nerve cell survival. Parkinson’s disease studies mainly use viral vectors to deliver genes that increase dopamine production and improve movement. Huntington’s disease treatment aims to silence the defective HTT gene using RNA-based methods and gene editing tools. In ALS, therapies target genes such as SOD1 and C9orf72 to protect motor neurons. Modern tools like viral vectors, CRISPR-Cas9, and antisense therapies show strong potential. However, challenges such as safe delivery, side effects, immune reactions, and ethical issues remain. Overall, gene therapy offers hope for more personalized and effective treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.
TO STUDY THE USEFULNESS OF HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICINES IN TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF CERVICAL SPONDYLITIS IN COMPUTER OPERATORS
Background-Cervical spondylitis is a prevalent condition among computer operators which causes neck pain due to prolonged sitting, poor posture, and repetitive neck strain. Homoeopathic medicines have shown good results in relieving pain, improving mobility, and enhancing overall well-being in patients with cervical spondylitis, offering a holistic and non-invasive treatment. Aim- To determine homoeopathic medicine can improve the neck pain in daily living in computer operators. Methodology- This clinical interventional study evaluated the effectiveness of individualized homoeopathic treatment in 100 cases of cervical spondylitis among computer operators aged 20–60 years, from the OPD of Sri Ganganagar Homoeopathic Medical College based on defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Symptoms were assessed using the Neck Disability Index (NDI) before and after treatment. Remedies were prescribed according to homoeopathic principles, and data were analyzed using SPSS version 29 with a paired t-test. Result- A marked reduction in Neck Disability Index scores were noted down, (t99=15.00 with p<0.001 which is greater than its tabulated value 1.98 at 5% level of significance). Clinically, 70% of patients showed significant improvement, while 20% improved moderately. Cocculus indicus was prescribed in maximum cases as indicated remedy, followed by Belladonna and Rhus Toxicodendron. Conclusion- Homoeopathic treatment showed significant improvement in symptoms of cervical spondylitis among computer operators, with a marked reduction in disability and neck pain. These findings support the effectiveness of individualized homoeopathic management, though further randomized controlled trials are recommended.
FEED INTAKE, GROWTH PERFORMANCE, HEMATOLOGY AND SERUM BIOCHEMICAL INDICES OF SASSO CHICKEN RELIED ON INCLUSION OF NEEM (AZADIRACHTA INDICA) AND BITTER (VERNONIA AMYGDALINA) LEAF EXTRACTS
The study evaluated the effectiveness of neem and bitter leaf extract as a natural feed additive for broiler chicks, focusing on feed intake, body weight gain, carcass parameters, and sensory evaluation of meat and its composition. A total of 122 unsexed Sasso chickens were randomly assigned to four treatments with three replications in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Feed intake, Average daily gain (ADG), and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) were analyzed for starter (1-21 days), finisher (22-42 days), and entire experiment periods (42 days), comparing daily offers and refusals. Four broilers were slaughtered and treated with bitter and neem leaf extract in water for different treatments (0 ml, 2 ml, 4 ml, and 6 ml per liter of water for T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively), evaluating carcass evaluation at the end of the trial. The CP and ME content of neem leave powder (NLP) and bitter leave powder (BLP) were 22.90% and 2680.96 Kcal/Kg DM and 21.95% and 3020.85 Kcal/Kg DM respectively. The average daily feed intake (ADFI) during the entire period was 104.49,116.07,118.65,122.32 g/bird (SEM=2.03) for T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively, and it was significantly higher (p<0.05) for T4 compared to other treatment groups. The body weight gain (BWG) during the entire experimental period was 45.95, 56.72, 57.92, and 61.95 g/bird/day (SEM=1.88) for T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively, and significantly higher in T4. The Feed conversion ratio (FCR) during the entire period was 2.28, 2.04, 2.04, and 1.97 (SEM = 0.04) for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively and best for T4. Carcass's weight was 1331.96, 1622.01, 1674.27 and 1899.70gm (SEM=65.58) for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively, and it was higher in T4 than other treatments. The giblet organs and crop were significantly higher (P˂0.05) for T4. The serum cholesterol (SC) and white blood cell (WBC) of broilers in the experiment period were significantly (P˂0.05) lower for T4 as compared to other treatment. But Total protein (TP) was significantly (P˂0.05) higher in T4 among treatment groups which showed that the addition of extract in drink water of broiler had positive effect on the chicks’ blood. The study recommends a combination of neem and bitter leaf extract in 6ml/1lt of drink water as a beneficial natural feed additive for Sasso Chicken production.
IN-SILICO EVALUATION OF TRACHYSPERMUM AMMI EXTRACTS: A REVIEW
The plant Trachyspermum ammi, sometimes referred to as carom or ajwain seeds, has drawn a lot of attention from researchers studying therapeutic plants. The review article offers a thorough examination of the in silico assessments carried out on T. ammi extracts, emphasising the possible medical uses for them. We conduct an organised review of the computational research that has looked at the bioactive substances found in T. ammi, their molecular interactions with different target proteins, and the anticipated pharmacological impacts. The review covers the use of computational techniques such as quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis and molecular docking studies to evaluate the therapeutic potential of T. ammi extracts. The plant's components potential as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-cancer agents is given particular consideration. This review attempts to provide a strong basis for future research orientations and possible medication development techniques utilising T. ammi extracts by compiling and critically analysing the available in-silico data.
PRIORITIES IN BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN BARAK VALLEY WITH REFERENCE TO INNER-LINE RF, INDIA
The Northeastern Region of India, comprising Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura, is physiographically divided into the Eastern Himalaya, the northeastern hill ranges, and the Brahmaputra-Barak valley plains. Spanning 262,180 km², this region forms a major biodiversity hotspot at the Indo-Burma and Eastern Himalayan junction, supporting nearly 25% of India’s flora, over 14,000 species, and 3,169 endemics. Within this landscape, the Barak Valley of Assam represents an ecologically significant domain marked by extensive forest cover and a network of protected areas. The Inner-Line Reserve Forest (ILRF), one of Assam’s largest reserve forests, covers approximately 44,266 hectares, bordering Mizoram and Manipur, and historically supports diverse fauna, including five primate species. Declining awareness among local communities and delayed implementation of conservation actions have contributed to progressive wildlife depletion. Land-use and land-cover assessments from 1998 to 2011 indicate a clear reduction in forest area within and around ILRF, reflecting broader ecological degradation across the Barak Valley. Compounding these threats is the limited legal protection afforded to many species. While the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 categorizes fauna under Schedules I-V and plants under Schedule VI, effective conservation remains skewed toward Schedule I and portions of Schedule II. This disparity fosters public misperception and neglect of lower-tier species. Consequently, there is an urgent need for policymakers to re-evaluate conservation strategies in light of evolving land-use patterns, climate change, and rapid urbanisation to safeguard the region’s threatened biodiversity.
HRGA: A HYBRID REASONING AND GENERATION ARCHITECTURE FOR MODULAR, EXPLAINABLE, AND EFFICIENT LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS
The rapid evolution of large language models has yielded remarkable generative capabilities; yet, significant chal- lenges remain regarding transparency, modularity, and compu- tational efficiency during complex reasoning tasks. To address these limitations, this paper proposes the Hybrid Reasoning and Generation Architecture, a novel framework that synergizes symbolic reasoning with neural generation to enhance inter- pretability and adaptive performance. This architecture inte- grates a modular multi-expert reasoning layer with a generative transformer backbone, facilitating dynamic switching between reasoning, retrieval, and generation modules based on the imme- diate task context. The system design leverages hybrid pipelines, utilizing knowledge-based reasoning graphs, contextual memory caching, and Mixture-of-Experts routing to optimize computa- tional resource allocation. Experimental evaluations demonstrate that the proposed framework achieves superior accuracy and reduced inference latency compared to conventional monolithic transformer models while providing transparent reasoning traces. Furthermore, the architecture exhibits cross-domain adaptability, proving effective for explainable artificial intelligence applications in sectors such as education, healthcare, and finance. Ultimately, this work offers a scalable paradigm for next-generation language models, bridging the gap between fluent text generation and logical, explainable decision-making.
Hybrid Reasoning and Generation Architecture (HRGA)
HOMOEOPATHIC APPROACH TO DERMATOLOGY: A REVIEW OF HOMOEOPATHIC MANAGEMENT OF ACNE, SCABIES, AND OTHER COMMON SKIN DISORDERS FROM HOMOEOPATHIC STALWARTS’ VIEW
Homoeopathy has a long history of use in dermatology, with classical stalwarts such as Hahnemann, Kent, Boericke, Allen, and Clarke contributed extensive materia medica descriptions and clinical observations. Although modern scientific evidence remains limited and inconclusive, homoeopathy continues to be practiced widely in the management of dermatological complaints. This review highlights the perspectives of homoeopathic stalwarts on treating acne, scabies, eczema, urticaria, and other common skin diseases, focusing on remedy selection, constitutional prescribing, and individualized case-taking. The approach emphasizes understanding the patient’s physical, emotional, and constitutional characteristics, with remedies selected according to the law of similars. While these views reflect important historical and philosophical foundations of homoeopathic dermatology, they should be interpreted as part of a complementary framework rather than a substitute for evidence-based dermatologic care.
HEALTH AND WELLNESS CLAIMS: REGULATORY EVOLUTION, PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS, AND SCIENTIFIC CHALLENGES
Post-2020, assertions of nutritional advantages and preventive benefits of supplements proliferated amid pandemic-driven immunity demands, prompting diverse oversight mechanisms worldwide. Europe's rigorous pre-approval processes yielded few authorisations due to evidentiary hurdles; America's flexible notifications contrasted sharply. Emerging economies integrated incentives via insurance rewards and ad curbs, while Gulf harmonisation stressed label accuracy sans curative promises. Shoppers mix up ingredient lists with health results, liking easy words and personal perks, so they pay more. Hard to prove claims work the same for everyone; some places skip tough tests. Validation barriers loom large: rigorous trials falter on reproducibility; local gaps foster unchecked promotions. Future needs apps, gene tests, and the same rules everywhere to build trust as wellness grows big.
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ENCAPSULATION EFFICIENCY, POLYMER COMPATIBILITY, AND CONTROLLED RELEASE KINETICS OF THERAPEUTIC MOLECULES LOADED INTO PLANT-POLYMER HARD CAPSULES
This work investigates the encapsulation performance, drug-polymer compatibility, and release kinetics of a therapeutic organic molecule loaded into optimized plant-polymer capsules developed in Paper-1. Drug loading was performed using direct-fill methods, after which encapsulation efficiency, FTIR/DSC compatibility, dissolution behavior, stability testing, and kinetic modeling were evaluated. The capsules exhibited high encapsulation efficiency (82–91%), satisfactory drug content uniformity (95–102%), and controlled release of 38–52% at 30 minutes and 68–79% at 60 minutes. Release modeling showed excellent correlation with the Higuchi diffusion model (R² = 0.96), indicating release governed primarily by polymer-matrix diffusion. FTIR and DSC revealed no major chemical incompatibilities, and stability testing for 90 days confirmed retention of hardness and absence of cracking under ICH conditions. Overall, the system demonstrates strong potential for delivering small-molecule therapeutics through environmentally friendly plant-based capsules.
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FORMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HARD, GELATIN‑LIKE CAPSULES USING A FOUR-POLYMER PLANT-BASED SYSTEM
This study reports the development and characterization of hard, gelatin-like capsules using a novel four-polymer plant-based system comprising corn starch (CS), agar-agar (AA), sodium alginate (SA), and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), with glycerin as a plasticizer. The polymer blend was optimized to achieve controlled viscosity, predictable gelation, and uniform capsule wall formation. Rheological analysis demonstrated shear-thinning behavior suitable for dip-molding, and oscillatory measurements identified the G′/G″ crossover point, confirming a robust sol–gel transition. Drying kinetics followed a first-order exponential decay, yielding capsules with high mechanical hardness and low moisture content. API incorporation and content uniformity analysis showed RSD below 6%, while dissolution studies indicated controlled, diffusion-driven release consistent with Higuchi and first-order models. Stability modeling using the Arrhenius equation predicted reliable long-term shelf life under ambient conditions. Compared with previously reported single- or dual-polymer systems, the proposed four-polymer capsules demonstrated superior mechanical strength, moisture control, release behavior, and stability, highlighting their potential as a plant-based alternative to gelatin capsules.
FROM SOURCE TO SIP: A COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION OF THE MINERAL WATER INDUSTRY'S SUPPLY CHAIN AND ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT IN KASHMIR VALLEY
The mineral water market has grown due to customer demand for high-quality, convenient, and purified drinking water. However, this industry's environmental implications are under review. This study examines the mineral water industry's supply chain and environmental impact in Kashmir, known for its plentiful water resources. This study examines mineral water supply chain sourcing, processing, packaging, and distribution using field surveys, water quality studies, and LCA. Key findings show that while Kashmir Valley's mineral water sector benefits from pure spring sources, energy-intensive purification, single-use plastic packaging, and long distribution networks have a significant environmental impact. Over the product life cycle, LCA data show significant greenhouse gas emissions, water consumption, and waste. Sustainable practises like source protection, alternative packaging, and optimised logistics are advised. Policymakers, business stakeholders, and consumers wanting to reduce the environmental effect of the mineral water industry in Kashmir and beyond can benefit from this study.
THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE IN GENDER-BASED SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: A CASE STUDY OF #METOO
This study examines how language shapes digital participation in the #MeToo movement by analyzing social media posts, survivor statements, and news media coverage. The research explores how linguistic strategies construct empowerment, identity, solidarity, and resistance within public discourse surrounding gender-based violence. A qualitative descriptive research design was used to analyze forty two publicly accessible texts published between 2018 and 2023. The dataset included twenty five social media posts, ten survivor statements from public blogs and interviews, and seven news articles from international media outlets. Data were collected manually through public search functions and open web access. Thematic and linguistic discourse analysis was conducted to identify patterns in pronoun use, emotional vocabulary, slogans, narrative structures, tone categories, and media framing techniques. The results show that social media posts frequently employed first-person and collective pronouns, emotional language, and solidarity phrases that strengthened collective identity and empowerment. Survivor statements demonstrated structured narrative patterns characterized by contextual detail, emotional expression, turning points, and calls for awareness. Supportive and backlash discourse coexisted, revealing tensions in public responses to survivor testimony. News articles used metaphors, evaluative terms, and cautious legal phrasing, indicating varied framing approaches that influenced public interpretation. Comparison across the three sources showed shared themes of voice, power, and change, although each medium performed distinct discursive functions. The study provides empirical insight into real-life linguistic patterns within #MeToo, emphasizing the central role of language in shaping digital feminist activism. It contributes to scholarship on gender, media, and discourse by illustrating how linguistic choices influence empowerment, resistance, and the framing of gender-based social movements.
NANOTECHNOLOGY'S DUAL EDGE: EVALUATING HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS
The quick development of nanotechnology is reflected in the expanding use of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in industries including electronics, environmental sciences, and medicine. Although these materials have the potential to be revolutionary, their special qualities also pose serious questions about environmental safety and human health. With an emphasis on how ENMs interact with biological systems and environmental matrices, this review evaluates the toxicological and ecological effects of ENMs. The objectives include evaluating mechanisms of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and oxidative stress, examining bioaccumulation and persistence in ecosystems, and reviewing current risk assessment strategies. A systematic review of recent peer-reviewed studies, regulatory guidelines, and toxicological data was conducted. Evidence suggests that ENMs exhibit physicochemical traits that enhance their functional value but can also lead to biological disruption. Their ability to penetrate cellular barriers, induce oxidative stress, and interfere with physiological processes raises significant safety concerns. In environmental contexts, ENM accumulation is linked to microbial imbalance and ecological toxicity. The review underscores the urgency of developing harmonized safety protocols, eco-friendly synthesis techniques, and comprehensive regulations to mitigate risks. Future research should prioritize green nanotechnology and safer-by-design principles to promote responsible innovation.
REHABILITATION-INDUCED FUNCTIONAL RECONSTITUTION IN INDIVIDUALS UNDERGOING ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTIVE INTERVENTIONS
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures constitute one of the most debilitating musculoskeletal pathologies affecting athletes and physically active populations. Although anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) re-establishes mechanical knee stability, the trajectory of optimal postoperative recovery is profoundly dependent on structured physiotherapeutic intervention. Targeted rehabilitative modalities including progressive strength training, proprioceptive recalibration, neuromuscular re-education, and mobility restoration have been increasingly recognized as pivotal determinants of postoperative functional reintegration. A prospective cohort design was employed involving adults undergoing primary ACLR who subsequently initiated a standardized postoperative physiotherapy regimen. Functional evaluations were conducted at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks using validated outcome metrics: International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores, Lysholm scores, single-leg hop limb symmetry indices, joint range of motion, quadriceps and hamstring strength profiles, and postural sway assessments. Across the 12-week period, participants demonstrated consistent and significant advances in functional indices, indicative of enhanced knee stability and attenuation of symptomatic limitations. Progressive restoration of quadriceps and hamstring strength paralleled improvements in joint mobility and mitigation of extension deficits. Neuromuscular function showed continual refinement, reflected through superior hop-test symmetry and diminished balance perturbations. Findings suggest that a criterion-based, systematically structured physiotherapy program substantially accelerates functional, neuromuscular, and mobility-related recovery following ACLR, facilitating safer readiness for return-to-activity benchmarks. Future investigations should encompass broader patient cohorts and diverse rehabilitation paradigms to refine evidence-based protocols and optimize clinical decision-making.
Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
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EVALUATION OF PROXIMATE AND PROTEIN CONTENT IN WALLAGO ATTU
Introduction: In the world, India is amongst the top three producers of fresh water fish and shrimp fishes are rich in protein, vitamins polyunsaturated fatty acids and mineral salts and are also known as valuable protective food. Aim of the study: the main aim of the study is Research on the Ayeyarwady River's Wallago attu's Nutritional Profile Material and method: The Wallago attu specimens came from the city of Mandalay's Ayeyarwady River. In order to eliminate any dirt or other contaminants from the skin water was utilized to rinse and wash the samples. Conclusion: Samples of Wallago attu (Nga-but) were taken from the Ayeyarwady River in the Mandalay Area. Nutritional information for Wallago attu has been calculated. However, there were a few notable outliers, such as the fact that Wallago attu's protein content was rather constant (16.1-16.4%) during the study period.
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THE ROLE OF BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE IN ENHANCING ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION AND PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT IN MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS
Globalization has added complexity in decision-making, coordination, as well as the performance management within the multinationals (MNCs). Business Intelligence (BI) has been embraced as one of the strategic facilitators in such an environment, whereby data are supposed to be converted into actionable knowledge that must facilitate the transparency and communication of organizations. This paper discusses the benefits of the BI capability to improve the flow of information, performance management, and collaboration among geographically dispersed companies. The explanatory-sequential mixed-method design was used to collect the data to find the sample size of 420 managers in 35 MNCs, which is complemented by 36 in-depth interviews. The findings of the quantitative structural equation modelling revealed that BI competence had a significant impact on information (β=0.46***), communication quality (β=0.52***), and performance management effectiveness (β=0.48***), which further led to better overall organizational performance (R² =0.58). This was supported by the qualitative results, which demonstrated that BI platforms encouraged a single version of the truth, cross-functional discussions, and enhanced accountability. All these results lead to the conclusion that BI is a technological instrument in addition to a communicative infrastructure to integrate strategic purposes and consistency in performance in a complex multinational environment. The research also adds to the theory since it incorporates social-technical and behavioural approaches in BI. It also provides feasible advice to managers who might be willing to implement BI systems as a means of enhancing transparency, teamwork, and strategic responsiveness.
GENDER AND HUMAN RIGHTS: A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE ON GENDER EQUALITY AND DISCRIMINATION
The fundamental right of gender equality in international human rights law continues to face restrictions from legal and institutional factors together with cultural obstacles. The research reviews how law safeguarding equality between male and female evolved through United Nations documents starting with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) leading to Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) before culminating in the Beijing Declaration. The examination investigates regional human rights instruments through the ECHR plus the Maputo Protocol together with the Belém do Pará Convention while analyzing their ability to stop gender-specific discriminatory acts. The evaluation of different countries' legal frameworks reveals inconsistent policy execution patterns where judicial action and constitutional defense systems lead to the most significant development progress. Gender justice faces constant obstacles which stem from poor legal enforcement together with discriminatory practices across gender and political barriers to justice. Image verification demonstrates why law enforcement requires better implementation and gender-oriented policies and structural reforms to close the disparity between established rights and true equality. The advancement of gender equality depends on intersectionality research and above all on fortified digital rights shields and appropriate solutions against new forms of gender discrimination in law.
NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON ANIMAL REPRODUCTION: A STUDY IN DAIRY SCIENCE
Nutritional deficiencies are a significant factor influencing reproductive performance in dairy cattle. Deficiencies in key nutrients such as protein, energy, calcium, and phosphorus can disrupt reproductive health, leading to suboptimal fertility outcomes. Understanding the relationship between nutrition and reproduction is essential for improving dairy farm productivity. This study aimed to investigate the impact of nutritional deficiencies on the reproductive performance of dairy cattle. Specifically, it examined how protein, energy, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus intake affected estrus cycle length, conception rates, days to first service, and postpartum recovery. A total of 200 dairy cows from 10 different farms were selected. Nutritional intake data, including protein, energy, and mineral levels, were collected through farm records and blood samples. Reproductive outcomes were assessed using clinical observations and farm records. Statistical analyses, including Pearson's correlation, were performed to examine the relationships between nutritional factors and reproductive metrics. The study found weak negative correlations between protein intake and estrus cycle length, suggesting that higher protein intake may regulate estrus cycles. Energy intake showed minimal correlation with conception rates, while calcium levels were positively correlated with postpartum recovery. Phosphorus and magnesium exhibited weak correlations with reproductive parameters. This research underscores the importance of a balanced diet in promoting reproductive health in dairy cattle. Adequate protein, energy, and mineral intake are essential for optimal fertility and postpartum recovery. Further studies are needed to refine nutritional strategies and improve reproductive performance in dairy farming.
WAR CRIMES AND THE LAWS OF WAR: ANALYZING THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR PROSECUTING HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS
The research investigates how international legal structures perform in war crime prosecutions through an examination of Geneva Conventions together with the International Criminal Court in addition to the ICTY and ICTR special tribunals. A review of established case studies alongside tribunal obstacles enables this study to explore the prosecution of persons responsible for war acts by evaluating both achievements and deficiencies. Although these legal tools have resulted in particular war crime court victories they continue to face major hurdles because of political influence together with jurisdictional disputes and limited state assistance. New developments such as cyber warfare and non-state actors alongside drone strikes have made existing laws insufficient to handle current war crimes effectively. Political pressures display two negative effects which delay fair trials and further the issue of impunity through selective application of international laws. The study demonstrates the requirement to reform international law because it needs stronger state cooperation and institution power as well as expanded coverage for current warfare methods. Research about the use of technology in war crime prosecutions along with studies into contemporary war threats through new international pacts remains essential for upcoming investigations. The study demands that international law evolve into a stronger adaptable framework that will serve justice to war crime victims across the changing context of the current war.
THE CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS OF PHOTONIC MATERIALS: A STUDY ON LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION FOR ADVANCED OPTICAL DEVICES
Modern optical technologies heavily rely on photonic materials because they enable light manipulation on nano-sized dimensions. The research analyzes plasmonic nanoantennas together with metasurfaces and epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) materials using chemical and physical principles to understand their structural characteristics and their optical outcomes. Child laboratory synthesis combined with state-of-the-art optical testing equipment and mathematical simulations worked to measure their performance in optic communication streams and image processing and adaptive photonic applications. Several key performance metrics illustrate the potential of plasmonic nanoantennas to enhance spontaneous emission by 150% and the performance capability of metasurfaces to reach an absorption efficiency of 87% while ENZ materials exhibit pronounced nonlinear optical effects. Structural variations in optical devices showed direct relationships with their optical performance according to statistical analysis. Nanoantenna aspect ratios and metasurface nanostructures alongside ENZ material permittivity measurements directly affected light emission and absorption and wavefront modulation respectively. A research assessment conducted among different institutions showed that precise manufacturing methods are essential for enhancing material output. The study demonstrates how photonic materials will power next-generation optical devices which will advance ultrafast optical computing as well as quantum photonics applications and high-resolution imaging. Upcoming research should focus on connecting hybrid nonlinear effects while improving fabrication methods alongside applying machine learning for material enhancement to enhance photonic system capabilities.
metasurfaces, epsilon-near-zero materials
ASSET MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
The continuous transformation of global economies due to climate change requires asset management strategies to adapt their approaches toward handling new difficulties and business prospects. Financial models established by tradition are insufficient to measure environmental challenges' effects on long-term investment potential thus sustainability-driven investing develops as an essential strategy. The paper investigates how climate risk evaluation together with ESG fusion and innovative technology works to boost asset resilience levels. Sustainable finance achieves dual success between profitability growth and risk reduction which becomes clearer through examining official guidance regulations market patterns and new financial solutions. A research design that combines both quantitative statistical evaluation and qualitative analysis methods tests the performance of climate-friendly investment strategy methodologies. Investments with ESG elements within their portfolios show superior remaining power across time and lower vulnerabilities to climate disruption events. Companies who want to optimize investment decisions should use predictive modeling and artificial intelligence analytics because analysts recognize these tools as necessary components in today's dynamic economy. Achieving sustainable asset growth depends on regulatory compliance as well as stakeholder collaboration and responsible investment practices according to the discussion. This study confirms that financial institutions need to integrate climate resilience within their asset management systems to obtain economic sustainability in the unpredictable environment of today.
PHYSICS-BASED SIMULATIONS OF HYPERSONIC FLIGHT DYNAMICS AND CONTROL
Modern aerospace engineering faces hypersonic flight control as a fundamental challenge because of the rising interest in developing fast and elevated flight technology systems. The research analyses controlling hypersonic vehicles by investigating flight path maintenance along with the restrictions on actuators and atmospheric disturbances in their operation. Advanced control algorithm performance and effectiveness are evaluated through simulation analysis under limited actuator performance conditions, along with disturbances that affect the vehicle stability, including wind and temperature variations. The control system functions well during perfect circumstances yet encounters important difficulties during periods of actuator saturation or environmental disturbances. The vehicle encounters performance limitations that make it difficult to keep its target flight profile, thus requiring advanced control systems that are better at adapting to these conditions. Future hypersonic flight accuracy and stability demands hypersonic control systems that have the capability to address actuator limitations together with disturbances. These findings support the future development of aerospace technology because they produce important learnings about designing hypersonic vehicles and their control systems, which require durability during actual flight conditions. This research provides essential solutions to actuator limitations and environmental disturbances, which improves hypersonic flight control systems' reliability to establish their utilization in defense systems and space exploration, and advanced aerospace applications.
EFFECTIVENESS OF SCHOOL-BASED INTERVENTIONS ON HYGIENE AND INFECTION CONTROL AMONG CHILDREN
Background: School-based hygiene and infection control interventions play a pivotal role in promoting health and preventing the spread of infectious diseases among children. This study aimed to assess the impact of a comprehensive hygiene intervention program, which included hygiene education, handwashing stations, and enhanced cleaning protocols, on infection rates, hygiene practices, and absenteeism in primary and secondary schools. Methods: A quasi-experimental design was used, with a pre-test, post-test control group, and comparison group. Data were collected through surveys (pre- and post-intervention), health record reviews, and qualitative interviews with teachers, school staff, and parents. Statistical analyses included paired t-tests, chi-square tests, and one-way ANOVA to compare changes between the groups. Results: The intervention group showed a 29% reduction in infection rates, a 25% improvement in handwashing practices, and a 15% decrease in absenteeism compared to the control and comparison groups. The intervention’s effectiveness was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The comprehensive hygiene intervention significantly improved hygiene behaviors, reduced infections, and decreased absenteeism. These findings support the implementation of school-based hygiene programs as effective measures to improve children's health and reduce the spread of infectious diseases
EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS FROM SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS
The antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of ethanolic extracts from three common plants for their beneficial therapeutics including Moringa oleifera, Glycyrrhiza glabra, and Zingiber officinale. Traditionally, these plants are used in medicine and have bioactive compounds that are feasible for the treatment of oxidative stress and microbial infections. The ethanolic extracts of these plants were used to evaluate antioxidant and antimicrobial activities using standard assay. The anti-oxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays. The antimicrobial activity was tested against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis by agar well diffusion method. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined by broth dilution method. The highest antioxidant and antimicrobial activities as well as the lowest MIC values, especially against Staphylococcus aureus, were exhibited by Moringa oleifera. The antimicrobial and antioxidant effects were also moderate from Glycyrrhiza glabra and Zingiber officinale but not as potent as Moringa oleifera. Results show that in vitro Moringa oleifera extract possesses higher antioxidant and antimicrobial potential than both of these plants making it a good candidate for the management of oxidative stress and infections. Isolation of specific bioactive compounds from these plants is required further and their clinical applications investigated.
LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY OF THE PAMPA RIVERINE ECOSYSTEM
Rivers from their early existence have played a significant role in molding the development of a region. They provide water to quench thirst, fertilize lands and a means of transportation of goods and services. They also provide a habitat to many living organisms, from planktons to fin and shell fishes. Thus as an ecosystem, rivers have an incredible role to play in maintaining ecological balance. River channels comprise only a small part of a landscape, yet their environmental and economic significance far outweighs their biological value. River systems are recognized to have a number of values, including intrinsic, economic, cultural and aesthetic values. They have economic value in so far as they are scarce and capable of generating human welfare. Failure to account for the ecological and economic value of river systems has led to patterns of economic use with many detrimental environmental consequences. In spite of the environmental, ecological, cultural, social and religious importance of the Pampa riverine ecosystem, it is one of the most congested and polluted rivers in south India. Over the years, its landscape ecology has changed. Sewage and Industrial effluents, deforestation in the upper catchment areas of the river, sand mining from the river beds (Padmalal, Maya, Sreebha, & Sreeja, 2008), reclamation and construction activities on the river banks have all contributed to changes in the landscape ecology of the Pamba. Increased influx of pilgrims has indirectly influenced the anthropogenic intervention on the ecosystem. Unless the total economic value of an ecosystem is monetarily recognized, it will never be protected. Policy decisions are most frequently determined on the basis of economic criteria. Yet, it is widely acknowledged that market transactions provide an incomplete picture of the total economic value of any ecosystem. Ecosystem benefits which are not normally exchanged in markets (e.g. flood control, breeding grounds, optional use, existence use etc.) are generally ignored in decision-making. Stakeholders use an ecosystem partially, hence they always tend to undervalue it. Undervaluation introduces inherent distortions to efficient resource allocation and policy decisions regarding ecosystem use. This shapes land use patterns and decisions that change the landscape ecology of a system. Its wholistic value is rarely recognized until the entire system is irrevocably and irreversibly degraded. In order to improve the efficiency of resource allocation two steps are necessary: an estimation of the total economic values of services provided by an ecosystem and the design of appropriate mechanisms to capture the estimated economic values so that they are internalized in policy decisions. The total economic value of a river ecosystem cannot be accurately estimated since many of the functions it performs do not have a market to value them. Thus, people’s value perception of the landscape ecology of a river ecosystem has a great role to play in how the ecosystem is perceived, protected and how its landscape ecology evolves over the years. Greater the value perception, smaller will be the number of unsustainable intrusions and modifications to the ecosystem.
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SYNTHESIS OF 2-AMINO-5ALKYL-1,3,4-THIODIAZOLE CATALYZED BY PHALSA JUICE AND ITS ANTIBACTERIAL STUDY
In contrast of an alkyl chain at the same site mainly adds lipophilicity: 2-amino-5-alkyl-1,3,4-thiadiazoles display solid antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory effects, yet aryl analogues surpass them in potency across several endpoints. The antibacterial, antitumour, antifungal and antiparasitic assays, because aromatic substitution simultaneously enhances target affinity and cellular uptake. The preparation of 2-amino-5-alkyl-1,3,4-thiadiazoles was accomplished following the established procedure of Arun et. al. Preparation of N-(p-exchanged benzylidene)-5-alkyl-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole-2-amine. N-(p- exchanged benzylidene)-5-alkyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole -2-amine were prepared under the procedure of Bijo Mathew et.al. Antibacterial screening results of 2-Amino-5alkyl-1,3,4-thiodaizole derivatives was screened on bacteria S. aureus & E. coli.
IMPACT ON DYNAMIC BALANCE DYSFUNCTION IN CHRONIC BILATERAL KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS DURING LOCOMOTOR
BACKGROUND: Chronic bilateral knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive degenerative joint condition commonly associated with pain, stiffness, reduced range of motion, and functional limitations. One of the significant yet often underrecognized complications is dynamic balance dysfunction, which increases the risk of falls and impairs locomotor activities such as walking, stair climbing, and turning. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to find the impact on balance dysfunction during the locomotor activities of daily living in people who are diagnosed with bilateral knee osteoarthritis METHOD: A self-made questionnaire is used to find out balance dysfunction during locomotor activities of daily living in people who are diagnosed with bilateral knee osteoarthritis RESULT: Among 140 patients the 52% females and 48% males are included The study found hundred percentages of responses in which results are showing that female population is more affected by bilateral knee osteoarthritis. A Very few people having history of hip joint pain too. That importance is that of preventing obesity, maintaining body weight, good diet, exercise plan and also knowledge about life style modification is the growing need among middle age people due to avoid early age complications of osteoarthritis. CONCLUSION: The study is showing female population is more affected than male due to lack of nutrition, exercise and changing of lifestyle. As well as only few patients were having the complaint of hip pain along knee pain. As well as the people who are having single knee osteoarthritis are also facing the balance issues in daily life.