HEPATITIS C VIRUS, HEPATITIS B VIRUS AND HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION IN ILLEGAL IMMIGRANT’S POPULATION ATTENDED TO AL- JABAL ALAKHTER AREA- LIBYA

Authors

  • Noor alhooda Ministry of health, Benghazi- Libya
  • M, Alawkally Ministry of health, Benghazi- Libya
  • Maree, A, Aldokally Ministry of health, Benghazi- Libya

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53555/eijas.v3i1.134

Keywords:

Hepatitis B, hepatitis C virus, HIV, Illegal immigrants

Abstract

Assess the prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B and C Virus and serological markers in immigrant people of various nationalities, living in the AL- Jabal alakhdar area. HIV, Hepatitis B and C are, and will remain for some time, major health problems in Libya.The retrospective study was conducted in AL- Bayda, Cyrene and AL-Quba illegal immigrant centers between OctoberDecember 2017.All samples were tested using enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). The study considers a total of 14,918 samples, mostly males. The highest prevalence rate of viral infection was HBsAg with 35 (1.22%) recorded in Al-Bayda center in 2016, while the lowest was 9 (1.82%) recorded in Al-Qubba center in 2015. The highest value of HCV was 18 (0.81%) in Al-Bayda center in 2016, while the highest value is in Both Elqubba (1.12%) and Cyrene centers (0.30%) which were recorded in 2017. HIV infected person in 2015,was one male (0.2%) in the Elqubba center and his nationality was Egyptian and only two females were recorded (0.4%) in Cyrene in 2016, their nationality waschad, while in 2017 One female was recorded (0.06%) in Cyrene and her nationality was chad and one male (0.2%) in Al-bayda from Egypt. Number of males (12919) exceeds females (1999). The highest frequency was 15 males and their ages were 24 years old. The highest level of infected illegal immigrants was from Egypt as  429 of them infected followed by 134 Chadians , 118 Sudanese, 105 Bangladesi’s, 26 Syrians, 6 turkish and 6 Palestinian , 5 Tunisians and 3 Nigerians respectively.

References

. Hatton TJ, Williamson JG. Demographic and Economic Pressure on Emigration out of Africa Scand. J of Economics. 2003; 105:465–486. doi: 10.1111/1467-9442.t01-2-00008. [Cross Ref]

. Sidibé M. Putting education first. Available from: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michelsidib/aids-

education_b_1915767.html.

. Rossi C, Shrier I, Marshall L, Cnossen S, Schwartzman K, Klein MB, Schwarzer G, Greenaway C. Seroprevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection and prior immunity in immigrants and refugees: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2012; 7:e44611. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044611. [PMC free article][PubMed] [Cross Ref]

. World Health Organization. Hepatitis B. World Health Organization Fact Sheet No. 204. [Accessed 2005 Jun 5] Available from: http://who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en.

. Sagnelli E, Stroffolini T, Mele A, Imparato M, Almasio PL. Chronic hepatitis B in Italy: new features of an old disease--approaching the universal prevalence of hepatitis B e antigennegative cases and the eradication of hepatitis D infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2008; 46:110–113. doi: 10.1086/524074. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]

. Sagnelli E, Stroffolini T, Mele A, Imparato M, Sagnelli C, Coppola N, Almasio PL. Impact of comorbidities on the severity of chronic hepatitis B at presentation. World J Gastroenterol. 2012; 18:1616–1621. doi:

3748/wjg.v18.i14.1616. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]

. Sagnelli E, Sagnelli C, Pisaturo M, Macera M, Coppola N. Epidemiology of acute and chronic hepatitis B and delta over the last 5 decades in Italy. World J Gastroenterol. 2014; 20:7635–7643. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i24.7635. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]

. Sagnelli E, Stroffolini T, Mele A, Almasio P, Coppola N, Ferrigno L, Scolastico C, Onofrio M, Imparato M, Filippini P. The importance of HCV on the burden of chronic liver disease in Italy: a multicenter prevalence study of 9,997 cases. J Med Virol. 2005; 75:522–527. doi: 10.1002/jmv.20313. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]

. Lavanchy D. Hepatitis B virus epidemiology, disease burden, treatment, and current and emerging prevention and control measures. J Viral Hepat. 2004; 11:97–107. doi: 10.1046/j.13652893.2003.00487.x. [PubMed][Cross Ref]

. McCarthy AE, Weld LH, Barnett ED, So H, Coyle C, Greenaway C, Stauffer W, Leder K, LopezVelez R, Gautret P, et al. Spectrum of illness in international migrants seen at GeoSentinel clinics in 1997-2009, part 2: migrants resettled internationally and evaluated for specific health concerns. Clin Infect Dis. 2013; 56:925–933. doi: 10.1093/cid/cis1016. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]

. Scotto G, Martinelli D, Di Tullio R, Fazio V. Epidemiological and Clinical Features of Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes among Immigrants in Southern Italy. Hepat Res Treat. 2010; 2010:878356. doi: 10.1155/2010/878356. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]

. Tafuri S, Prato R, Martinelli D, Melpignano L, De Palma M, Quarto M, Germinario C. Prevalence of Hepatitis B, C, HIV and syphilis markers among refugees in Bari, Italy. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10:213. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-10-213. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]

. Majori S, Baldo V, Tommasi I, Malizia M, Floreani A, Monteiro G, Ferrari A, Accordini A, Guzzo P, Baldovin T. Hepatitis A, B, and C infection in a community of sub-Saharan immigrants living in Verona (Italy) J Travel Med. 2008;15:323–327. doi: 10.1111/j.17088305.2008.00230.x. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]

. Coppola N, Alessio L, Gualdieri L, Pisaturo M, Sagnelli C, Caprio N, Maffei R, Starace M, Angelillo IF, Pasquale G, et al. Hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus infection in undocumented migrants and refugees in southern Italy, January 2012 to June 2013. Euro Surveill. 2015; 20 doi:

2807/15607917.ES.2015.20.35.30009. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]

. Rivas P, Herrero MD, Poveda E, Madejón A, Treviño A, Gutiérrez M, Ladrón de Guevara C, Lago M, de Mendoza C, Soriano V, et al. Hepatitis B, C, and D and HIV infections among immigrants from Equatorial Guinea living in Spain. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013; 88:789–794. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0319. [PMC free article][PubMed] [Cross Ref]

. Toro C, Jiménez V, Rodríguez C, Del Romero J, Rodés B, Holguín A, Alvarez P, GarcíaCampello M, Gómez-Hernando C, Guelar A, et al. Molecular and epidemiological characteristics of blood-borne virus infections among recent immigrants in Spain. J Med Virol. 2006; 78:1599–1608. doi: 10.1002/jmv.20744.[PubMed] [Cross Ref]

. El-Hamad I, Pezzoli MC, Chiari E, Scarcella C, Vassallo F, Puoti M, Ciccaglione A, Ciccozzi M, Scalzini A, Castelli F. Point-of-care screening, prevalence, and risk factors for hepatitis B 645infection among 3,728 mainly undocumented migrants from non-EU countries in northern Italy. J Travel Med. 2015;22:78–86. doi:

1111/jtm.12176. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]

. World Health Organization (WHO). Global Health Observatory (GHO) data. HIV/AIDS prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa. Geneva: WHO. [Accessed 22 Aug 2015]. Available from:

http://www.who.int/gho/urban_health/outcomes/hiv_prevalence_text/en/

. Stornaiuolo G, Cuniato V, Cuomo G, Nocera E, Brancaccio G, De Rosa M, et al. Active recruitment strategy in disadvantaged immigrant populations improves the identification of human immunodeficiency but not of hepatitis B or C virus infections. Dig Liver Dis. 2014;46(1):62-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2013.08.126 PMID: 2414880619

. Weinbaum CM, Williams I, Mast EE, Wang SA, Finelli L, Wasley A, et al. Recommendations for identification and public health management of persons with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2008;57(RR-8):1-20. PMID: 18802412

. Majori S, Baldo V, Tommasi I, Malizia M, Floreani A, Monteiro G, et al. Hepatitis A, B, and C infection in a community of sub-Saharan immigrants living in Verona (Italy). J Travel Med. 2008; 15(5):323-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8305.2008.00230.x PMID: 19006505

. Chironna M, Germinario C, Lopalco PL, Quarto M, Barbuti S. HBV, HCV and HDV infections in Albanian refugees in Southern Italy (Apulia region). Epidemiol Infect. 2000;125(1):163-7.

https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268899004215 PMID: 11057972

. Chironna M, Germinario C, Lopalco PL, Carrozzini F, Barbuti S, Quarto M. Prevalence rates of viral hepatitis infections in refugee Kurds from Iraq and Turkey. Infection. 2003;31(2):704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-002-3100-3 PMID: 12682810.

. Sagnelli E, Sagnelli C, Pisaturo M, Macera M, Coppola N. Epidemiology of acute and chronic hepatitis B and delta over the last 5 decades in Italy. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(24):7635-43.

https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i24.7635 PMID: 24976701

. Zanetti AR, Tanzi E, Romanò L, Grappasonni I. Vaccination against hepatitis B: the Italian strategy. Vaccine.1993;11(5):521-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-410X(93)90222-J PMID: 8488702

. Stornaiuolo G, Cuniato V, Cuomo G, Nocera E, Brancaccio G, De Rosa M, et al. Active recruitment strategy in disadvantaged immigrant populations improves the identification of human immunodeficiency but not of hepatitis B or C virus infections. Dig Liver Dis. 2014;46(1):62-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2013.08.126 PMID: 24148806

. Weinbaum CM, Williams I, Mast EE, Wang SA, Finelli L, Wasley A, et al. Recommendations for identification and public health management of persons with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2008;57(RR-8):1-20. PMID: 18802412

. Tafuri S, Prato R, Martinelli D, Melpignano L, De Palma M, Quarto M, et al. Prevalence of Hepatitis B, C, HIV and syphilis markers among refugees in Bari, Italy. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10:213. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-10-213

. Majori S, Baldo V, Tommasi I, Malizia M, Floreani A, Monteiro G, et al. Hepatitis A, B, and C infection in a community of sub-Saharan immigrants living in Verona (Italy). J Travel Med. 2008;15(5):323-7.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8305.2008.00230.x PMID: 19006505

. Chironna M, Germinario C, Lopalco PL, Carrozzini F, Barbuti S, Quarto M. Prevalence rates of viral hepatitis infections in refugee Kurds from Iraq and Turkey. Infection. 2003;31(2):704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-002-3100-3 PMID: 12682810

. Palumbo E, Scotto G, Faleo G, Cibelli DC, Saracino A, Angarano G. Prevalence of HBVgenotypes in immigrants affected by HBV-related chronic active hepatitis. Arq Gastroenterol. 2007;44(1):54-7.

https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-28032007000100012 PMID: 17639184

. Maartens G, Celum C, Lewin SR. HIV infection: epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention. Lancet.2014;384 (9939):258-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)601641 PMID: 24907868

. World Health Organization (WHO). Global Health Observatory (GHO) data. HIV/AIDS prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa. Geneva: WHO. [Accessed 22 Aug 2015]. Available from:

http://www.who.int/gho/urban_health/outcomes/hiv_prevalence_text/en/

. Federal Ministry of Health, Department of Public Health, National AIDS/STDs Control Programme. Technical report. 2010 national HIV sero-prevalence sentinel survey. Abuja: Federal Ministry of Health. [Accessed 1 Sep 2015]. Available from:

http://www.nigeriaaids.org/documents/2010_National%20HIV%20Sero%20Prevalence%20Sentinel%20Survey.p df

. Negin J, Cumming RG. HIV infection in older adults in sub-Saharan Africa: extrapolating prevalence from existing data. Bull World Health Organ. 2010; 88(11):847-53. doi: 10.2471/BLT.10.076349.

. Chironna M, Germinario C, Lopalco PL, Quarto M, Barbuti S. HBV, HCV and HDV infections in Albanian refugees in Southern Italy (Apulia region). Epidemiol Infect. 2000; 125(1):163-7.

https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268899004215 PMID: 11057972

. Chironna M, Germinario C, Lopalco PL, Carrozzini F, Barbuti S, Quarto M. Prevalence rates of viral hepatitis infections in refugee Kurds from Iraq and Turkey. Infection. 2003; 31(2):704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-002-3100-3 PMID: 12682810

Downloads

Published

2017-03-27